Construction Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Construction Law - Essay Example placed on par with other kinds of projects because delays in construction and claims arising out of such delays have always been an integral part of construction law. According to Yates and Epstein, there is an enormous amount of time, energy and cost that is devoted to delay claims which do not strictly begin around the time of completion of the job, rather these delays commence right at the inception stage of the project itself.2 The Protocol states that the process of analysis of delay can only begin to be addressed when there is an understanding about what work was carried out and when such work was carried out, as a result, the Protocol recommends that contractors maintain a written record of what work is to be carried out on the project and when it is to be done over the specified time period. However, as McCredie points out, this causes difficulties, not only in terms of the extensive record keeping which the contractor will now have to maintain, but also from the point of vie w of correlating those records with schedules and locations3. In the case of Great eastern Hotel Company Ltd4, charges of negligence by contractor and resultant losses thereof as claimed by Great eastern Hotel were not upheld by the court and no relief was allowed for losses sustained. In this case, the difficulties in establishing causation of delay leading to losses were also demonstrated. There is no definite court precedent to establish causation of loss due to delays and in this case, it was pointed out that the Courts have not laid down any formal tests to establish causation, rather they have relied upon commonsense and an interpretation of the individual facts in a particular case in order to determine whether the breach of the contract was a sufficiently substantial cause of the claimant’s loss.5 Therefore the party that violates the contract is liable only if the breach was in effect the â€Å"effective cause† of his loss.6 An action for losses caused by a breach of

About Wine Essay Example for Free

About Wine Essay What is wine? It is one of the most sensual and tasteful drinks you have ever drunk. It has been over hundreds of years and till today, wine has never disappointed our mouth feels. The most important of selling wines are the packaging, because the value packaging as a marketing tool. But how many companies know how to put up their wines into markets, and who know that packaging is the first step to extract customer. In this century, a lot of people have problem to choose a bottle for dinner or for any occasion, the mainly is too many bottle of wines for them to choose from and some of the wines label are not too clear to read and it might be a problem for customer. See more:Â  Manifest Destiny essay So means that wines marketing as wines packaging as label are so important to target customer. Nowadays most wines are sold in glass bottle and are sealed using corks as the packaging. Most the wines producers have been using alternative closures such as plastic corks, screw caps and tap. The mainly is because of the costs of produces and also to prevent cork taint. In this day, some of the wines are packaged in thick and heavy plastic bags with cardboards boxes cover as label. The wines are normally connected with tap on the side of the box, the box wine can stay up to one week after opening or less, it depends how much oxidized has been mixed in. This is another newest packaging in wines in the world, so that it also extracts some new people to buy it. But the important are the wines label, have to descript clearly and bit more extractive to the customer.

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing Analysis

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing Analysis McDonalds Corporation since its start in 1955 has remained consistently as well known brand name worldwide. In order to achieve this status the company has used marketing strategies that have covered every aspect of the business and social world. From advertising and competitors to public relations and charity, McDonalds has a goal and for what they want to achieve and has found ways of achieving those goals. Throughout this paper you will find descriptions of how McDonalds used the four Ps of marketing in order to create a successful and well known worldwide company. The four Ps of marketing include price, product, promotion and place. Marketing strategies are created through a process of conducting research, which provides the information for deciding the correct product/service, appropriate pricing structures, and the effective placement and promotion for establishing the proper position in the marketplace for achieving optimal return on investment. (investopedia.com) The marketing strategies that have been created through this research by McDonalds Corporation have served them well ever since they opened their doors in 1955. The founder of McDonalds Corporation, Ray Kroc, started the company with the mindset of expanding his business by using franchising. Since 1955, McDonalds has become one of the most valuable brand names in the world. (Rowley, 2004) Expanding the corporation globally is the marketing strategy that has allowed McDonalds to become one of the worlds largest fast food retailers. In 1958, owner Ray Kroc made a statement, The basis for our entire business is that we are ethical, truthful and dependable. (McDonalds.com, 2010) The McDonalds mission statement lists the four Ps of marketing as the basics of providing an exceptional customer experience. The first of the four Ps is price. McDonalds overall pricing objective is to increase market share. (Vignali, 2004) With the original research that was done to create a successful marketing strategy, McDonalds Corporation researched the demand, competitors position in the market and the cost of creating the product and created a price that will create a customer demand. When the recession hit, a vast majority of businesses began to lose customers and in return income. McDonalds was one of the few that cashed in on the recession by creating a value menu. The value menu, which features select items sold for one dollar each, has helped McDonalds bring in customers consistently and this steady income has helped increased market share. The second of the four Ps is product. When McDonalds first opened in 1955, they were the first business to provide burgers, fries and milk shakes in a convenient family dining atmosphere. The competitors in the area provided no competition and McDonalds sold its one hundred millionth hamburger in 1958. As time went on and technology advanced, the market became more competitive and a healthy lifestyle trend began to unfold in society. But even with all this change, McDonalds kept to their philosophy, providing quality food and a quality service in a fast and easy environment and with this philosophy they maintained their place in the market. Two years after their tenth anniversary in 1965, McDonalds began opening operations in Puerto Rico and Canada and currently they now have operations in one hundred and eighteen countries, including China, Japan, UK and Australia. (Mcdonalds.com, 2010) Each country has their own unique menu items, but a few of the classics are on every menu worldwi de. These include the Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, French Fries and Happy Meal. When Starbucks began offering coffee and a breakfast sandwich combo, it provided competition to McDonalds already well known and loved breakfast menu. McDonalds response to this competition was to create a new line of products called the McCafe. The McCafe was a premium coffee beverage that came hot, cold or blended and in a variety of flavors at a reasonable price. The third of the four Ps is promotion. There are four ways to promote a product in the world of marketing; advertising, direct marketing, sales promotions and public relations. Advertising is used worldwide and usually involves the use of a celebrity praising the quality, value and affordability of the product. McDonalds advertising is different in each of the one hundred and eighteen countries they have locations in. To date, McDonalds has used twenty three different slogans in US advertising and a few other slogans in other countries worldwide. Television, radio and newspaper are not the only ways in which McDonalds advertises their product. They have begun to use billboards and sponsoring sporting events such as the Olympics. But even with all these extra advertising connections, television has been the key advertising strategy for McDonalds. Direct marketing is most commonly achieved by the use of websites. McDonalds website provides detailed information about menu items, company policies and the company story. The information that is provided to the viewer allows them to get a better understanding at how McDonalds became what it is today. Sales promotions are an important key in any marketing strategy. The most common sales promotion that McDonalds run is their Happy Meal. The food content has remained the same over the years, but the toy changes all the time. The toy that comes in the Happy Meal usually corresponds to a movie or event that popular at that time. The current Happy Meal includes toys that are themed to DreamWorks Megamind movie. Public relations are a very important aspect to McDonalds. Their website alone provides information for a variety of people. There is an entire section on the website dedicated to students who need information for writing term papers. The website even provides a place for customers to provide feedback for the company. McDonalds feeds of this feedback and uses it to help maintain their quality service. In Beijing, McD onalds hires individuals to be public relation agents in the community and provide information and receive feedback to be given back to corporate headquarters. Beyond their website, McDonalds is well known for their contribution to the community. The Ronald McDonald House was created in many communities to help children and their families with special needs. A study conducted by a program called A Cause that Counts in 2009 states, Research shows that 92% of Americans have a more positive image of companies that support a cause. And, 87% of Americans are likely to switch brands, when price and quality are equal, to support a cause. These trends are consistent around the globe. In 1977, McDonalds sponsored a High School basketball team and gave them the opportunity to play an exhibition game against the Washington Nationals. McDonalds has also been a proud sponsor of the Olympics for many years, donating money to help maintain the quality of the event. The final P of the four Ps is place. Place mainly consists of the companys distribution channel. This marketing strategy is important, so that the company can make sure that their product is available at the right place, at the right time and with the right quantity. Nearly 50% of Americans are within three miles of a McDonalds drive thru and good majority of those are located either near large housing developments or schools. Each McDonalds provides their own unique experience for the both the children and the adults. Every McDonalds includes a childrens play area, which usually includes a slide and various other playground equipment for the children to play on. For the adults, McDonalds has started to offer an internet facility at select locations. These allow the adults to access the internet on their laptops while their children are playing in the kid zone. Using these marketing strategies and maintaining the goal of providing quality service and food in an inviting environment at a fast and easy pace, will allow McDonalds to remain on top of the market of fast food retailers. Their environments and prices will continue to have people saying, Im Loving It.

Arby Essay -- essays papers

Arby James Joyce's use of religious imagery and religious symbols in "Araby" is compelling. That the story is concerned somehow with religion is obvious, but the particulars are vague, and its message becomes all the more interesting when Joyce begins to mingle romantic attraction with divine love. "Araby" is a story about both wordly love and religious devotion, and its weird mix of symbols and images details the relationship--sometimes peaceful, sometimes tumultuos--between the two. In this essay, I will examine a few key moments in the story and argue that Joyce's narrator is ultimately unable to resolve the differences between them. While the story's concern with religion seems to speak for itself, a few biographical details bout Joyce's own youth and his religious background help inform any reading of "Araby." We know that he was both drawn to and repulsed by the Catholic church in Ireland, and that just before taking orders, he opted to give up a life in the church and chose instead to devote himself to writing fiction. In the end, Joyce saw the church as something confining, something that imposed rules rather than freeing a creative spirit. As a writer radically inclined to break the rules even of fiction, the rules of the church were too severe for him. We also know that Joyce was a very sensual person who wanted nothing to do with celibacy or abstinance; his youthful marauding in the brothels of Dublin suggests that the church's proscriptions of sexual, or even romantic, activity were also too much for him. Some of these issues show up early on in the story "Araby." To begin with, the narrator--the voice of a young Joyce, surely, if not entirely autobiographical--lives in a house whose former t... ...r, the boy has an epiphany--a sudden realization--while in the baazar: "gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity" (44). Ordinarily, epiphanies are religious moments characterized by a sudden "seeing of the light." Here, however, the boy reaches his ephiphany--as does the story--while gazing into the darkness at a baazar. If the baazar is initially opposed to religion, it is here explicitly likened to religion. The ending of the story is almost as ambiguous as its back-and-forth treatment of religion and romance. It is not clear exactly what he has realized, nor is it clear whether there is a clear distinction between what is religious and what is romantic, between what is sacred and divine and what is worldly and base. But perhaps Joyce, in whom these two elements were equally confused, would have wanted it that way.

Personal & Professional Development Essay

1.1  Cunningham1 has defined self-managed learning as â€Å"†¦idealised adult action learning†. Therefore, self learning is a process where the learner develops their learning goals, decides on strategies to make it happen, identifies resources needed to achieve it and adopts the process to evaluate their achievement. Self managed learning can only be effective if a person has the ability to independently decide about their learning and can manage this without much institutional support. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that most people, though understanding the need for such learning approach, are unable to identify and manage their learning without guidance and support from an institution. Hence, people go to an institution to learn. However, It is the responsibility of the learner to take charge of their learning. In an adult learning environment, where most learners have been out of touch with learning for a while, it is important that the tutors initially provide hands on approach to guide the learners. Gradually, ‘tutor dependency’ reduces and the learner becomes more self dependent, starting to manage their learning more effectively. Self learning process can be facilitated through research, using online tools such as web logs, wikis, search engine facilities, use of social software and other multimedia tools such as audio and video equipment. 1.2  Lifelong learning is a process that takes place throughout an individual’s life based on their life experiences, interaction with others and range of different circumstances which are used to acquire knowledge. It is, defined as the â€Å"ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons’’[2). There are various methods of learning, which can be termed as ‘life long learning’. These are: †¢ Home schooling : People learning at home rather than at an institute. †¢ Adult education : Enrolling in an adult learning course to gain formal qualifications for work or leisure. †¢ Continuing education : Courses to gain further knowledge without getting any formal qualification. †¢ Knowledge work : On-the-job training but can also include practical courses for professional development. †¢ Personal learning environment: Using a range of sources and tools including online applications. Lifelong learning is the most effective way to enhance personal and professional development. Therefore, all the above methods should be encouraged and used to gain relevant knowledge in relation to an individual’s goals and aspirations. A method used by a person depends on what their personal learning goals are, and on the answers to the key questions of what, when, where, how and why. 1.3  The benefits of self managed learning to individuals and organisations are many fold. The key benefits are : †¢ Ability to choose the content :Allows people to pick and choose what they are going to learn, and who they are going to learn from, depending on personal level of knowledge and preferences. †¢ Determining the schedule : Allows people to adapt learning process to their personal agenda, without depending on time schedules imposed by others. †¢ Learning with passion : Topic is chosen based on what the learner wants to learn, making the learner more engaged and the learning process more enjoyable. †¢ Sense of accomplishment and satisfaction : As the learner has chosen the topic, it provides greater degree of satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment within learners. †¢ More productive life : As it is a learner guided process, there is more passion and commitment within the learner about their learning, enhancing their chances of securing more expertise in the area. †¢ Develop expertise and skill : After gaining skill and expertise in the chosen field, a person is more likely to become an expert in the area, with others seeking their expertise and be willing to pay for it. 2.1 Since leaving school, I have worked within the catering sector all my working life, initially as a General Assistant in the kitchen, helping cook and chef. However, through my competence and performance, I was able to gradually rise to the position of Head Chef, with people working under my supervision. This allowed me to have experience of managing people effectively in a challenging fast moving environment. In addition, I was able to gain adequate knowledge and understanding about various health & safety guidelines through relevant training, including gaining relevant qualifications. I was able to comply with the professional standards for a Chef through the training I received. Also, working closely with the management, I was able to understand fully the key aims and objectives of the business and focused on ensuring that through my work, I help the business to fulfil them. It is important for a restaurant to provide good quality food and customer service – the two key aspect for such business. Unless the quality of the food and the level of customer service is to their satisfaction, customers will not come back, which is vital for a business. So, my role as a Head Chef is crucial to the success of the company. Since the restaurant is doing well, I feel confident that I have contributed towards the achievement of the company’s aims and objectives, complying with the professional standards required for my job. 2.2  Having worked in the kitchen all my working life, I would now like to have a change of career and move to management, where I would like to manage the whole business, either by setting up my own restaurant or be employed in a restaurant owned by others. In order to help me achieve my aim, I would need proper qualification, understanding and knowledge about how to manage a restaurant efficiently. Therefore, my development needs are as follows : †¢ How to devise an effective business plan †¢ How to prepare a comprehensive sales and marketing strategy †¢ How to be a competent business manager †¢ How to manage a business efficiently and profitably In order to acquire the knowledge required to achieve those aims, I need to enrol in a business course which will not only allow me to have the relevant knowledge but would also enable me to have thorough understanding of these areas, resulting in a qualification. In addition to the areas mentioned above, I also need to focus on some other areas, such as enhancing my literacy and numeracy skills as it would be necessary if I am to manage to restaurant. I also need to improve my social and communication skills too, which is vital for a business within the hospitality sector. 2.3 Since I don’t currently have any formal qualification other than GCSE, the only way for me to achieve my goal of enrolling in a course to acquire relevant knowledge and gain qualification would be to enrol in a course that does not have an entry requirement of any formal qualification and would accept someone with only GCSE. So, I started researching about various courses available that is relevant to me and is available for people who only have GCSE. I have identified that the Business Management HND is the best course for me as it offers all relevant aspects to help me achieve my developmental needs while allowing people with only GCSE to enrol. Therefore, I have enrolled in this course. However, I am seriously considering taking this further and go into further studies on business management, either through university or an informal course in continuing education, which may not result in a formal qualification but would provide me with the knowledge I need to achieve my goals. I feel that enrolling in the Business management HND is the first step towards achieving my aim of acquiring all relevant information and gain relevant qualifications regarding running a successful restaurant business. I also researched about courses to facilitate my aim of enhancing my literacy, numeracy, social and communication skills and have identified some of the courses that will be relevant to me and would assist me in achieving my goals.

A Brief History of the Young Lords

A Brief History of the Young Lords The Young Lords was  a Puerto Rican political and social action organization that began on the streets of Chicago and New York City in the late 1960s.  The organization disbanded by the mid-1970s, but their radical grassroots campaigns had long-lasting impacts. Historical Context In 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Jones-Shafroth Act, which granted U.S. citizenship to citizens of Puerto Rico. That same year, Congress also passed the Selective Service Act of 1917, which required all male U.S. citizens between the ages of 21 and 30 to register and potentially be selected for military service. As a result of their newfound citizenship and the extension of the Selective Service Act, approximately 18,000 Puerto Rican men fought for the U.S. in World War I.   At the same time, the U.S. government encouraged and recruited Puerto Rican men to migrate to the U.S. mainland to work in factories and shipyards.  Puerto Rican communities in urban areas like Brooklyn and in Harlem grew, and continued to grow after World War I and during World War II. By the late 1960s, 9.3 million Puerto Ricans lived in New York City. Many other Puerto Ricans migrated to Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago. Origins and Early Social Activism As Puerto Rican communities grew, dwindling economic resources like proper housing, education, employment, and healthcare became increasingly problematic. Despite their involvement in the wartime labor force and  participation in the front lines of both world wars, Puerto Ricans faced racism, lower social status, and limited employment opportunities. In the 1960s, young Puerto Rican social activists gathered in the Puerto Rican neighborhood of Chicago to form the Young Lord Organization. They were influenced by the Black Panther Partys rejection of a white-only society, and they focused on practical activism such as cleaning up neighborhood garbage, testing for disease, and providing social services. The Chicago organizers provided a charter to their peers in New York, and the New York Young Lords was formed in 1969. In 1969, the Young Lords were described as a ‘’street gang with a social and political conscience.’’ As an organization, the Young Lords were considered militant, but they opposed violence. Their tactics often made news: one action, called the â€Å"Garbage Offensive,† involved lighting garbage on fire to protest the lack of garbage pickup in Puerto Rican neighborhoods. On another occasion, in 1970, they barricaded the Bronxs decrepit Lincoln Hospital, collaborating with likeminded doctors and nurses to provide proper medical treatment to community members. The extreme takeover action ultimately led to the reformation and expansion of Lincoln Hospitals health care and emergency services. Birth of a Political Party As membership grew in New York City, so did their strength as a political party. In the early 1970s, the New York group wanted to disconnect with a perceived street gang held by the Chicago branch, so they broke ties and  opened offices in East Harlem, the South Bronx, Brooklyn, and the Lower East Side.   After the split,  the New York City Young Lords evolved into a political action party, becoming known as the  Young Lords Party. They developed multiple social programs and established branches across the Northeast. The Young Lords Party developed a political structure that resembled a complex hierarchy of parties, within the organization aligned with top-down goals. They used an established set of unified goals and principles that guided multiple organizations within the party called the 13 Point Program. The 13 Point Program The Young Lords Partys 13 Point Program established an ideological foundation that guided all organizations and people within the party. The points represented a mission statement and a declaration of purpose: We want self-determination for Puerto RicansLiberation of the Island and inside the United States.We want self-determination for all Latinos.We want liberation of all third world people.We are revolutionary nationalists and oppose racism.We want community control of our institutions and land.We want a true education of our Creole culture and Spanish language.We oppose capitalists and alliances with traitors.We oppose the Amerikkkan military.We want freedom for all political prisoners.We want equality for women. Machismo must be revolutionary... not oppressive.We believe armed self-defense and armed struggle are the only means to liberation.We fight anti-communism with international unity.We want a socialist society. With the 13 Points as a manifesto, sub-groups within the Young Lords Party formed. These groups shared a broad mission, but they had distinct goals, acted separately, and often used  different tactics and methods.   For example, the Womens Union sought to aid women in their social struggle for gender equality. The Puerto Rican Student Union focused on recruiting and educating high school and college students. The Committee for the Defense of the Community focused on social change, establishing nutrition programs for community members and taking on big issues like access to health care. Controversy and Decline As the Young Lords Party grew and expanded  their operations, one branch of the organization became known as the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization. The PPRWO was explicitly anti-capitalist, pro-union, and pro-communist. As a result of these stances, the PPRWO came under scrutiny by the U.S. government and was infiltrated by the FBI. The extremism of certain factions of the party led to increased member infighting. The Young Lords Partys membership declined, and the organization was essentially disbanded by 1976.   Legacy The Young Lords Party had a brief existence, but its impact has been long-lasting. Some of the radical organizations grassroots social action campaigns resulted in concrete legislation, and many former members went on to careers in media, politics, and public service.   Young Lords Key Takeaways The Young Lords Organization was an activist group (and, later, a political party)  aimed at improving social conditions for Puerto Ricans in the United States.Grassroots social campaigns like the Garbage Offensive and the takeover of a Bronx hospital were controversial and sometimes extreme, but they made an impact. Many of the Young Lords activist campaigns resulted in concrete reforms.  The Young Lords Party began to decline  in the 1970s as increasingly extremist factions broke off from the group and faced scrutiny from the U.S. government. The organization had essentially disbanded by 1976. Sources â€Å"13 Point Program and Platform of the Young Lords Party.†Institute of Advanced Technology in the Humanities  , Viet Nam Generation, Inc., 1993, www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/Young_Lords_platform.html.Enck-Wanzer, Darrel.  The Young Lords: a Reader. New York University Press, 2010.Lee, Jennifer. â€Å"The Young Lords Legacy of Puerto Rican Activism.†Ã‚  The New York Times, 24 Aug. 2009, cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/the-young-lords-legacy-of-puerto-rican-activism/.â€Å"New York Young Lords History.†Ã‚  Palante, Latino Education Network Service, palante.org/AboutYoungLords.htm.â€Å" ¡Presente! The Young Lords in New York - Press Release.†Ã‚  Bronx Museum, July 2015, www.bronxmuseum.org/exhibitions/presente-the-young-lords-in-new-york.

How to Write a Memoir 13 Key Elements of a Memoir You Need

How to Write a Memoir 13 Key Elements of a Memoir You Need How to Write a Memoir: 13 Key Elements of a Memoir You Need Learning how to write a memoir might seem simpleYou may think it easy to jot down details about your life in a cohesive, entertaining fashionbut there’s quite a bit more to.And you probably dont even know what youre missing.Memoirs can be very complex pieces of work. It takes a lot of skill and craft to be able to write down intimate details about your life for others to read and learn from. Which means learning how to write a memoir can be really hard.But the great part?Writing a memoir is both empowering and rewarding, and when broken down into these feasible steps, it’s something you can learn to master in no time.Heres how to write a memoir in 13 steps:Choose your memoir themeList associating memoriesAdd others related memoriesWrite your memoir truthfullyShow, dont tell in your memoirGet vulnerableMake connections with each storyAdd the impact in your life todayPut your personality into itWrite a memoir you want to readHow many people can say they wrote a book detai ling the most impactful moments of their lives?Not many.And by taking this leap and diving head first into your memories and entire life, you’re reaching new heights for yourself and you may even enlighten others by the end of your journey. What is a memoir?A memoir is a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources. Its a book about your life, the lessons learned, and key moments that shaped who you are.We all typically think of a memoir and cringe a little at the idea of a book about someone else’s life. But that’s not all a memoir is!Essentially, this is a book written by you about key moments in your life. You bring your memories to life in order to touch on an overarching message others can learn and grow from.Its like the highlight reel from your diary (if you ever had one) about the experiences that shaped your life.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing p rocess in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhat Qualifies as a Memoir?A memoir is unique in the fact that it covers your lifes events in a more story-like structure with an overarching theme or messaged written in.This means that how tos, motivational books, and other topics dont qualify as a memoir. Memoirs are very specific in the sense that it accounts for the entirety of your life with an emphasis on stories and impactful moments that lead to a great purpose.Writing a memoir is both empowering and rewarding, and when broken down into these feasible steps, it’s something you can learn to master in no time.Click To TweetMemoir DefinitionA memoir is a historical account written with personal knowledge and experience covering the lifetime of an individual, usually with a greater purpose or message within it.How is this different than an autobiography? I know what you’re thinking, â€Å"Aren’t they the same thing?†With so many genre s and writing terminology out there, knowing the differences between a memoir vs autobiography, (aka works of writing that are basicall the same) can be confusing.They’re both about someone’s life written by themselves, right? Right.But they do differ in a single way that really makes a memoir vs an autobiography completely different in terms of their end results.A memoir typically covers one aspect of a writer’s life (or a continuous theme through memories), while an autobiography is a chronological account of the writer’s life.So if you want to write a play-by-play of your entire life from the moment you popped into this world to the very second you started writing, you’d write an autobiography.But if you’re looking to share a profound message with the world through your own real-life experiences, you’ll write a memoir. How to Write a Memoir with Meaning and InfluenceWriting a memoir can not only be a valuable experience for you, bu t the impact it may have on other people is astounding too.You have a life worth something. You have experiences that led you to a very specific place in life, and you know what?Others have undoubtedly been in your shoes before and will benefit from you writing a book.Essentially, you can teach others how to get through what you did or even how to learn from their own journeys just as you have yours.That’s the meaning of a memoir and its influence knows no bounds.What are theKeyElementsofaMemoir?Writing a memoir can be difficult simply because it’s about your life. Somehow, we find it too hard to put our own lives into words through a meaningful message.How do you really sum up an accumulation of years and years of experience in only a couple hundred pages?We’ll help you learn how to write a memoir worth reading and sharing.History is written by the victors, but its victims who write the memoirs. ― Carol TavrisClick To Tweet#1 Choose your focus or theme A memoir isn’t just a list of all the experiences in your life. If it were, you’d call it an autobiography.What sets memoirs apart from a simple retelling of your life is an overarching theme or message that others can take away from it and that you personally learned from the stories you share.Think about what you want others to take away from reading your memoir.What will they learn or realize or gain from reading about your life? You can ask yourself those very same questions about your life to find the answers.What have you learned throughout your life? What’s the number 1 message that your experiences have taught you?Once you have that big, broad idea, the real work begins.#2 List all associating memoriesIt’s time to do a little mind mapping.Now that you know the overall theme and message of your memoir and what will set it apart, you have to connect the dots of your life to that core focus.Here are a few areas to think about specifically to help j og some of those memories in order to help you know how to write a memoir worth reading: There are so many areas that have a direct influence over how you perceive life as a whole. You just have to do a little digging to spark some specific memories that can circle back to the overarching theme of your memoir.#3 Add others’ related storiesI know this is a book about yourlife but it never hurts to back up your own experiences with someone else’s or many other people’s.Knowing how to write a memoir involves knowing when your message will be loudest. And that’s often with additional stories from others.Sometimes you cant always get the message across if only you have experienced it. To get readers to relate, you might have to show them that many people experience the same thing.One of the most powerful connections you can make to benefit from the message of your memoir is to show your readers that it’s not just you.Others have gone through the same situations you have and came out with the same perspective.This one requires some extensiv e research (and maybe even an interview or two), but possessing the ability to be credible in your readers’ eyes is crucial. And obviously, youll want to make sure youre using their experiences legally in your memoir.You can even interview family or friends who might see an experience you share differently than you.Adding those details will strengthen your core message.Heres a checklist of what your memoir should include in order to complete and at its best:Elements of a MemoirDetailsIntroductionA snippet of what your life is like now and why you're writing this memoirCore theme/messageEach memoir should have an overall theme or message that one can take away when they've finished reading.HonestyWriting a memoir without honesty will come across on the pages. Readers will be able to tell and will be pulled out of the book because of this.Entertainment valueNobody wants to read a memoir that's written like a textbook. Create entertainment value through the stories you tell.Supp orting storiesBecause you have an overall theme, it needs supporting stories from your life to back it up.Intriguing writingOnce again, a memoir is still a book and therefore, it cannot read like a textbook. Great writing is necessary for a great book.Overall arcYour life has an arc and your memoir's purpose is to show this through lessons learned from start to end.#4 Write truthfullyOne of the hardest parts about writing a memoir is the fact that we tend to be a wee bit biased with ourselves.*Gasp* You don’t say!It’s true. Nobody really likes to admit their faults. It’s one thing to recognize when you were wrong in life, it’s another to actually write it down for the world to see.It’s hard. We want everyone to see the best version of ourselves and therefore, we leave out details or flat out lie to seem â€Å"better† in their eyes.But that’s not what makes a good memoir. In order to learn how to write a memoir that really touches peo ple in deep, emotional ways, you have to learn to be honest.#5 Show, don’t tellNo, this doesn’t mean you have to write a picture book. That’s not what â€Å"show† means in this case.When it comes to creating intrigue with your writing and trust me, you want to do this, especially for a memoir you have to write by showing, not telling.For the sake of brevity, I’ll just give you an overview of this writing technique, but if you’re interested in mastering the ability to pull readers in, you can check out this detailed explanation.Essentially, showing versus telling is the way in which you describe your experiences with an emphasis on emotion.But that doesn’t mean you should write down every feeling you had during a specific time. In fact, that’s what you want to avoid.We’ll cover this in more detail below,but heres agreatvideooutlining this method↓ #6 Get vulnerableMemoirs are not a time to distance yourself from your inner feelings.Quite the opposite, actually.It’s time to dig deep and show the world what kind of author you are through your life experiences by getting vulnerable.Open yourself up to the truth behind who you are today. If you shield yourself in any way, it’s going to be obvious on the pages of your memoir and therefore, not as effective.At first, you may want to cringe while writing certain memories but after a few days, you’ll find it easier to share your truth.And best of all? You’ll be happy you did.#7 Make connections with each storyYou have your focus, right? Having that overarching message is going to help you tie all of your memories together in a cohesive manner.Each story you tell whether it’s yours or someone else’s has to connect to your focus in order for that theme to come across to your readers.But they don’t all have to directly relate to your focus.Some experiences may have led you to moments of realization that then led you to other events that tie into the main message you want others to gain from reading your memoir.Think of it this way: you want to connect the dots so by the time the readeris finished, the message comes full circle.#8 Talk about how everything affects your life todayUsually, writing a memoir is about looking back on your life and determining how you made it to who you are today. What events lead to the very core of who you are right now?That means your memoir will include inside peeks into your life as you live it now.Each chapter should bring your readers back to your presents to EmulateSometimes its easier to learn by example. That way, you can fully comprehend what a memoir is in order to write your own.These are famous memoir examples:A Moveable Feast by Ernest HemingwayWest with the Night by Beryl MarkhamPersonal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant by Ulysses GrantOut of Africa by Isak DinesenThe Story of My Life by Helen KellerI Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Talibanby Malala YousafzaiReading Lolita in Tehranby Azar Nafisi.My Beloved Worldby Sonia SotomayorFun Homeby Alison BechdelHunger: A Memoir of (My) Bodyby Roxane GayMemoir examples by our own students:Mile-High Missionary: A Jungle Pilots Memoir by Jim ManleyWalking My Momma Home: Finding Love, Grace, and Acceptance Through the Labyrinth of Dementia by Kathy FloraPrayers, Punk Rock and Pastryby Chris StewartBare Naked Bravery: How to Be Creatively Courageous by Emily Ann PetersonShift Happens: Turning Your Stumbling Blocks into Stepping Stones by Jill RogersThis is the Story of Your LifeThe biggest takeaway here is that this is your story, it’s your life, and therefore, it should be told just as you want it to be.There’s nothing more freeing than having the ability to articulate your life experiences in a way that will truly speak to others and potentially change their lives.Do you want to change lives and help others through the same tur moil you’ve experienced? By self-publishing your memoir, you’ll be rewarded for all of your honest hard work with more than just additional income.You will be responsible for changing and shaping the lives of others.Start Your Memoir TODAY!The work doesn’t just stop when you learn how to write a memoir.In fact, it’s just beginning! Here are a few steps you can use to start your memoir and make some progress.#1 Begin your trainingIts NEVER too early to start working toward your dreams and goals of becoming an author. In fact, you shouldnt waste any time!

Learning and Behavior

Learning and Behavior Introduction Learning is a continuous process and has proven to be an important aspect in the lives of human beings. By definition, Akers loosely describes learning as the process through which human beings gain knowledge, skills and expertise that can be applied in day-to-day endeavors (32).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering the importance of learning, theorists have over the years developed various models that try to explain how different individuals learn and the thought process behind each learning model. As such, these learning theories propose mechanisms that account for the changes that occur as a result of our learning experiences. Learning theories such as the social and constructivist theories have resulted in the identification of mechanisms through which experiences in the environment would alter and sustain changes in behavior. These change s are of a relatively permanent nature and Akers and Gary affirm that the changes in human behavior are as a result of human being’s extensive capacity for learning (64). Both these theories are among the most popular learning theories. They have been reviewed and applied in many areas and has helped in understanding how consequences can invariably affect or shape an individual’s learning. This study will utilize the assumptions forwarded by these theories to further our understanding in regards to the extent to which consequences derived from a behavior can shape our learning. To this end, this discussion shall aim to answer the following question: Does a consequence have to follow behavior in order for any learning to occur? A scenario whereby these theories could be applied in real life situations will be given and a detailed description of how one would implement operant conditioning demonstrated. Description of social and constructivist theories MacKeracher assert s that learning refers to the content of thought or to what we acquire through the learning process and that learning styles explicitly refer to how we have acquired such knowledge or skill (74). Learning styles are achieved by combining a number of learning strategies to come up with particular learning styles. Individuals can implement several strategies of learning but often prefer to rely on the strategy they know best. It is widely agreed by educators all over the world that individuals who actively engage in the learning process are likely to achieve greater success. This assertion is backed by numerous education literature which reveals that once individuals are engaged in a particular learning process that suits them, they feel empowered and their propensity for higher personal achievements significantly rises.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The significance of lea rning styles springs from the fact that each individual has personally preferred strategies for processing information and for learning (MacKeracher 79). It is these strategies that determine the manner in which an individual goes about the learning task. The constructivist theory of learning is one of the most well-known and applicable models of experiential learning. While this theory is not specific to behavioral studies, its applicability in the consequence-behavior paradigm remains relevant. Mulligan Griffin theorize that the reason why the constructivist theory is most applicable in deciphering learning is because it has been found successful in explaining how individuals learn. This model argues for a dialectical relationship between learner and environment in which two diametrically opposed modes of knowing provide the means through which we appropriate our experience and transform it (Gelfand 17). Scenario for learning theory Application The case provided presents a classi c example of a child whose underlying desires to have some chewing gum forces him to steal a packet after the caretaker refuses to buy them for him. While the shop owner insists that spanking the child for the wrong done is the only solution that can guarantee deterrence from such an act, the caregiver argues that there are better and more effective ways of finding resolve in regards to the situation at hand. Using the aforementioned theories as the basis for this debate, the caregiver can irrefutably support his stance against spanking. For example, in Bandura’s social learning theory, Bandura proposes that people often acquire their social skills through observation, imitation and modeling (Akers 18). He states that in as much as we acquire intellect through class work, the social skills that we have are learnt from other people. As such, Ben’s actions can best be explained by the fundamental components behind this theory.Advertising We will write a custom es say sample on Learning and Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first component of this theory is behavior potential. According to Bandura, this refers to the probability of adopting a particular behavior in a given situation. Behavior potential explores the likelihood of an individual to exhibit particular behaviors as a result of past experiences or behaviors and can be used to explain how habits are developed. Considering Ben’s age, the likelihood of him behaving the way he did is very high because as a child, his desire for the chewing gum surpasses his perception of the risks or consequences that may arise if caught with the stolen gum. As such, spanking him after being caught would only be viewed as a punishment for being caught and not for stealing. What this means is that the likelihood of Ben doing it again would remain high simply because he can reinvent his habits to ensure that he steals without being caught. The second component is expectancy. Expectancy as explained by Bandura refers to the probability that a particular behavior will yield a desirable outcome. In this case, Ben’s decision to steal the gum was mainly influenced by the fact that the outcome would be favorable for him. As such, since his expectancy was high in regards to attaining a favorable outcome, his confidence in relations to the outcome was boosted. This means that the likelihood that his stealing habits are to continue is relatively high. Thirdly, Bandura argues that a behavior is strengthened by how desirable its outcome or consequence is. This assertion brings about the concept of reinforcement value. As such, if an individual considers the outcome of a behavior to be positive, then the behavior is likely to continue and invariably, sustain itself. However, if the consequence is negative, there is a high probability that the occurrence of the behavior will decrease. The fourth and final component is the psych ological situation. It is a known fact that people differ in regards to how they perceive and interpret situations. This concept lays a great foundation for the ‘locus of control’ concept. This concept refers to belief that an individual determines his/her life experiences.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are two categories of this concept; the internal loci which focuses on the belief that individuals success or failure is as a result of their own efforts and the external loci which focuses on the belief that consequences and outcomes of a persons behaviors are controlled and shaped by other people. In the later case, factors such as fate, luck and destiny among others play a pivotal role. Discussion In light of the social learning theory, spanking Ben for his behavior would not be the most viable solution since it does not address the primary cause of his action. Using the explanation provided above, it is evident that stealing as a habit involves a series of thought processes and the mere fact that Ben was caught is enough to deter the habit since it is a negative consequence to the act. In addition, Bandura asserts that learning of a behavior depends on the environment and social interactions. As such, the best solution would be to monitor these aspects and ensure that Ben associates himself with positive peers and is in an environment that offers positive reinforcement to good behavior. In so doing, the care giver will have deterred the undesired habit without necessarily applying any negative reinforcement or punishment. Conclusion This study set out to discuss one of the major learning theories; social learning model. To this end, a description of the theory of social learning and its functioning has been given. Further on, a demonstration of how classical conditioning can be used in a practical situation to elicit desired behavior has also been provided. From the discussion, it is evident that spanking as a consequence for bad behavior may not suffice in shaping and facilitating positive change to an individual facing various social and environmental influences. Akers, Ronald. Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. USA: Transaction Publishers, 2009. Print. Akers, Ronald and Gary F. Jensen. Social Learning Th eory and the Explanation of Crime. USA: Transaction Publishers, 2007. Print. Gelfand, Donna. Social learning in childhood: readings in theory and application. New York: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1975. Print. MacKeracher, Dorothy. Making Sense of Adult Learning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. Print.

Introduction to comparative politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to comparative politics - Essay Example The electoral process is the system used to nominate candidates, creating ballots, and polling the public. The electoral process is the mechanics and body of laws that govern the election. The electoral system is not the same as the electoral process. The electoral system is the "†¦means by which votes are translated into seats in the process of electing politicians into office" (Farrell 4). The United States has a two-party system, which is non-proportional and tends to provide continuity and stability at the cost of minority representation. This has tended to minimize any impact that minority opinions have on legislation. Ecuador has a multi-party system that has worked towards a proportional system where all viewpoints and parties are represented based on their ability to get votes. However, this is an oversimplification as Ecuador has made some major changes in their system in recent years and is actually a mixed system. The proportional system of Ecuador has insured minorit y representation, but has also complicated the legislative process. In both Ecuador and the United States, the highest elected position in the land is the presidency, but are elected by systems that are considerably different. In the United States, the president is elected by an electoral system where each state is given a number of votes based on their population. In each state it is a winner take all system and the candidate with the most votes gets the electoral votes of that state. This has had the effect of creating two parties, of relatively equal strength, that serve as a representative for ideas and change. It has virtually eliminated any opportunity of a third party or minority party candidates due to the expense and almost certain defeat. It has also created an electoral system where voting blocs and coalitions are of critical importance. In addition, the winner

Project managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project managment - Essay Example Organization â€Å"Y† is a small company with 15 employees working in the financial sector and providing financial services to organizations, businesses, and individual customers. The company was established in 1999 and since then has been gradually expanding its presence in the financial services market. The organization constantly increases the range of available financial services and provides its financial advisors with additional workplace opportunities. The company seeks to increase job satisfaction among its employees and considers job satisfaction as the critical component of its business success. The topic of job satisfaction is not new. In the current system of organization studies, job satisfaction occupies one of the central positions. Job satisfaction is defined as â€Å"feelings or affective responses to facets of the situation† (Fichter & Cipolla, 2010). Here, facets of the situation imply the workplace situation and environment in which employees are bound to perform, while feelings and affective responses may vary from the quality of workplace performance to the emotional and cognitive balance that result of the workplace pressures and overloads. The â€Å"facets† of job imply intrinsic and extrinsic features of particular jobs and the extent to which they influence the level of job satisfaction across various professions. Since the end of 2006, the organization adopted a new strategy, aimed to expand its market presence, to change its approaches to brand management, and to attract new customers. The strategy has become the determining feature of the organization’s success, and more and more customers came to develop cooperative relations with the professional financial advisors working for the company. Since that time, however, the company management noticed that financial advisors displayed lower motivation to work and did not always cope with their basic workplace obligations. Work absenteeism rose dramatically,

LGBTQ blog post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LGBTQ blog post - Essay Example The plight of homosexuals has continued to roll over the decades and even the 21st century is seemingly no different. The social stigmatization that homosexuals receive in the contemporary society cannot be overlooked. Immediately one is identified as a gay or lesbian that becomes the genesis of their stigmatization. Many people even in the countries that boast of being developed still view lesbians and gays as malevolent and a lot of dereliction is directed to them. Different people have postulated unfounded opinions and judgments concerning homosexuality. Some think it is a developmental problem that has psychological contributions. Others have had several questions unanswered concerning the issue of homosexuality. â€Å"†¦..what factors contributed to its purported prevalence? Was it a holdover of primitive instincts usually found only in ‘uncivilized’ groups? Or was it an effect of modern life?’’ (Kaufman and Terry 27). These demonstrate how much people have pondered about the issue which has resulted into faulty perceptions about the gay and lesbian people as w ell as the transgender. With different persons coming up with diverse explanations, stigma and disgrace has been the order of the day in the homosexual world. As reported in the International Journal of Sexual Studies, gay parents are more susceptible to stigmatization. The outcome of this empirical study conducted to determine the extent of social stigmatization of the gay parents revealed much more that what had been hypothesized. People tend to look at the gay parents as ‘undeserving’ parents who are misleading examples to the society. It is not any news to hear that some countries have declared homosexuality illegal and that those found oriented to this sexual bearing should be sentenced to death. Uganda is one of the countries that surprised the world by its coarse laws

What is global warming Global warming is a matter of great concern Essay

What is global warming Global warming is a matter of great concern. How it is affecting our planet and how society can do to help (this isn't a good topics b - Essay Example It will then discuss the feasibility of various alternative fuels which if implemented on a wide scale would greatly reduce air pollution and possibly avoid the predicted outcome, alternative energy from bio-fuels, hydrogen, geothermal, solar and nuclear sources. Essentially, the greenhouse effect functions in the following manner. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and hits the earth’s surface, not all of the sun’s solar energy is absorbed. Approximately a third of it is reflected back into space. Specific atmospheric gases serve in much the same way as does the glass of a greenhouse, thus the terminology. These gases allow sunlight to penetrate then trap some of the solar energy which heats the earth (Breuer, 1980). It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially augmented by man-made sources, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred thus trapping more of the sun’s energy and reflecting less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent of the greenhouse gases. Trees absorb CO2 and when they die, CO2 is restored to the atmosphere. The clearing of forests by mass burning, which is happening at a phenomenal rate in the tropical rain forests, is decreasing the amount of CO2 that is absorbed and increasing the amount that is added to the atmosphere. CO2 supplies about half of the total gases that create the greenhouse effect (Breuer, 1980). Although deforestation is contributing heavily to the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Other greenhouse gases include methane, which is released when vegetation is burned during land

Why Do We Glamorize Murder in the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Do We Glamorize Murder in the Media - Essay Example Public surveys reveal that 95% of general population refer mass media as a primary source of their information about any crime.2 It implies that media and other people construct reality in a way or the other. Here, the question arises about the content media is disseminating about crime. Media is certainly not portraying the fact alone, but a combination of facts and fiction. It sensationalizes, dramatizes, and glamorizes what must be condemned and demeaned. This paper tries to explore people's fascination and media's glamorization of murder. Oscar Wild has identified American fascination with murder in 1982 when he said, "Americans certainly are great hero-worshipers, and always take their heroes from the criminal classes."3 Murder has become culturally accepted within today’s society. Phrases like â€Å"it’s a dog eat dog world†, â€Å"killing two birds with one stone† or simply â€Å"I could kill him† (when annoyed at a partner) are entwined into our everyday language. Though the meanings are not... Even television programs show murder as indifferent. The hero of the story can kill the bad guy, or commit murder and then do a heroic thing and the original wrong doing can be forgotten by all. In the Old Testament, Moses murdered an Egyptian slave-master, then supposedly went on to do many great things and became a corner stone for Islamic, Jewish and Christianity religions. How do we rationalize killing someone? Over 87% of a core group of surveyors said â€Å"justification† is the difference between killing and murder. We are happy to live our own lives excepting that people die at the hands of other as long as it is justified. In the face of brutal and hideous crimes society try to characterized the reasoning of such criminals. Often when no apparent conclusion can be established, the association with madness is almost immediate. It is a natural defence mechanism within our conscience that one wants to believe that t he criminal had to be crazy otherwise the crime would never have been committed. People try to comprehend and explain something that if it were not justified by the madness would be too disturbing to think that a "rational" human being could execute such brutal and hideous crimes. Murders are considered bad or good based on the justification provided. Regardless of the horrors associated, murder remains coloured by perpetrator's subjectiveness in devising strong judgement to entitle his or her behaviour as radical. It is evident that media understand these judgements; therefore, they treat murder as an intense experience needing dramatization. Popular media sources engineer their presentations in a certain way that implies murder as an instant, convenient, and absolute solution to problem.4 Typically, we don't care much about murder, but what makes it really significant is: when the victim is well-known; the number of victims is shocking; murderer is exceptionally wealthy or attract ive; or method of murder is horrifying and beyond our imaginations. The very moment such incident takes place people take notice and follow each step closely. The process starts with the reporting and revelation of crime details, more shocking the details more interest is piqued. With the revelation of crime evidence, we try to know from every media source possible. Media prolongs the coverage to arrest, trial, verdict, civil trials, and every bit of information behind crime. Even after the murderer's conviction and sentence, the story does not end, it takes several forms and major actors of the crime are casted in widely different stereotypical roles. As time passes, these shocking stories of crime are represented in the form of books, comics, fictional programs,

Painful Ankle Medical Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Painful Ankle Medical Treatment - Case Study Example Medications: The patient has been on analgesics broad-spectrum antibiotics regimen that ended three days ago; provided at the clinic. No other medication currently.Allergies: The client has a specific protein food allergies, cannot eat eggs. There is no known drug allergies.Immunisation: Tetanus injection immediately after the cut (one week ago) scheduled for a repeat (booster) in three weeks’ time (Greaves and Johnson 2002, p.38).SH: the patient is married, living with the wife and two children. He is a farmer while his wife owns a grocery shop. Does not smoke but occasionally takes alcohol.His hobbies include reading, listening to music and tending the flowers.O/E: Stable general outlook. Not sick-looking. NAD on examination of the head, Neck, back, chest. Hands.Left foot: The ankle joint is swollen. The patient reports painful joint and cannot walk well.ROM: ROM: Active: Flexion- Cannot flex the ankle due to pain on anterior aspect Extension- full range; with minimal pain o n movementAbduction- painful Adduction- painfulMedial Rotation- painful Passive: Flexion- full range; with pain on anterior aspect the ankleExtension- full range; painful Abduction- full range; painfulMedial Rotation- painfulResistive: Flexion-with intense pain on anterior aspect of ankleExtension- painful Abduction- painfulMedial Rotation- painfulImpression: Ankle sprain

What is global warming Global warming is a matter of great concern Essay

What is global warming Global warming is a matter of great concern. How it is affecting our planet and how society can do to help (this isn't a good topics b - Essay Example It will then discuss the feasibility of various alternative fuels which if implemented on a wide scale would greatly reduce air pollution and possibly avoid the predicted outcome, alternative energy from bio-fuels, hydrogen, geothermal, solar and nuclear sources. Essentially, the greenhouse effect functions in the following manner. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and hits the earth’s surface, not all of the sun’s solar energy is absorbed. Approximately a third of it is reflected back into space. Specific atmospheric gases serve in much the same way as does the glass of a greenhouse, thus the terminology. These gases allow sunlight to penetrate then trap some of the solar energy which heats the earth (Breuer, 1980). It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially augmented by man-made sources, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred thus trapping more of the sun’s energy and reflecting less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent of the greenhouse gases. Trees absorb CO2 and when they die, CO2 is restored to the atmosphere. The clearing of forests by mass burning, which is happening at a phenomenal rate in the tropical rain forests, is decreasing the amount of CO2 that is absorbed and increasing the amount that is added to the atmosphere. CO2 supplies about half of the total gases that create the greenhouse effect (Breuer, 1980). Although deforestation is contributing heavily to the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Other greenhouse gases include methane, which is released when vegetation is burned during land

Painful Ankle Medical Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Painful Ankle Medical Treatment - Case Study Example Medications: The patient has been on analgesics broad-spectrum antibiotics regimen that ended three days ago; provided at the clinic. No other medication currently.Allergies: The client has a specific protein food allergies, cannot eat eggs. There is no known drug allergies.Immunisation: Tetanus injection immediately after the cut (one week ago) scheduled for a repeat (booster) in three weeks’ time (Greaves and Johnson 2002, p.38).SH: the patient is married, living with the wife and two children. He is a farmer while his wife owns a grocery shop. Does not smoke but occasionally takes alcohol.His hobbies include reading, listening to music and tending the flowers.O/E: Stable general outlook. Not sick-looking. NAD on examination of the head, Neck, back, chest. Hands.Left foot: The ankle joint is swollen. The patient reports painful joint and cannot walk well.ROM: ROM: Active: Flexion- Cannot flex the ankle due to pain on anterior aspect Extension- full range; with minimal pain o n movementAbduction- painful Adduction- painfulMedial Rotation- painful Passive: Flexion- full range; with pain on anterior aspect the ankleExtension- full range; painful Abduction- full range; painfulMedial Rotation- painfulResistive: Flexion-with intense pain on anterior aspect of ankleExtension- painful Abduction- painfulMedial Rotation- painfulImpression: Ankle sprain

The Financial Markets Essay Example for Free

The Financial Markets Essay The development of the regional markets to global level and innovative developments in the technology field has greatly boosted growth and expansion of financial markets. Capital markets in the emerging economies are quite evident and this is a direct result of global links in financial development policies. The rapid economic growth and industrialization process in the emerging economies is also attributed to the globalization of the financial markets which significantly promote capital inflows (Agtmael 2007). On the other hand, economic problems and financial crises in other nations could easily be transferred to other countries as a result of these interactions. This was evident with the Asian currency crisis of 1997 that affected the major economies of the Asian region; the Russian financial crisis that saw countries of former Soviet Union suffer an economic depression and the disintegration of the long-term capital management in 1998 (Kahn 1979). Many countries have now undertaken a process of finding a solution to such occurrences in future and the most notable research is that conducted by the Japanese central bank. The World Disinflation Trend Structural changes in the global financial market have influenced the international, market environment in terms of prices of products. In 1990s the world experienced a change in disinflation rates reflected by a notable increase in the supply of products to the world market as a result of the rapid industrialization in the emerging market economies. Development and innovative technology plus anti-inflation policies adopted by many nations also played a significant role in the disinflation development. The inflation rates in the Group of eight (G-8) countries declined by about 3-4%, these countries are the greatest economies in the World of all nations and they include; United States, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada, Britain, Russia and France (Drori et,al 2006). Significant of them all is Japan which has experienced a faster deflation rate resulting in prices of consumer goods ranging from less than one to about zero percent. The European countries and the United States are the great beneficiaries of the disinflation phenomenon that resulted from the economic polices in the early 1990s. These nations has earned real economic base for their financial and commercial activities leading to a steady expansion of economy and consumer price stability (Kahn 1979). The European monetary union is a great success due to reduced inflation in the member countries. The great economic depression was an eye opener to most of the countries and this lead to change in economic policies of many central banks in different nations. Most of the nations that are in the developing stage are currently mare concerned about the threat of price decline which has not occurred for quite some time now since the great economic depression. These economic development have lead to better financial services in the US and European nations. The federal reserve reduced its rated from 6. 5 % to 1. 25% between 2001 and 2002, the European central bank on the other hand reduced refinancing rates by half and by the year 2003 it was about 2. 0 % from 4. 75% in the year 2001 (Drori et,al 2006). Central banks in the group of eight countries are concerned about calls by other economies to reduce short-term interest rates. Such conventional monetary policy is intended to stimulate economic activities that target the lower zero bound short term interest rates. Such policies are borrowed from the bank of Japan which established the trend in 2001 (IFM 2003).

Should Middle Schools be Drug Tested?

Should Middle Schools be Drug Tested? Drugs are ruining everyones lives and its killing children and adults. We all know the damage it leaves, by causing families to suffer from addiction or death. Kids are getting money for drugs by stealing, their parents, or even friends, its hard to say when they start and how far gone,   since not everyone is open about their addiction. We do have a chance to fight the drug war by drug testing in middle school. Drug testing kids in junior high would identify behavior issues, effect they learning, the effects of long term abuse and the most important addictions. Behavior issues is one of the most obvious tell of abuse of drugs paranoia, aggressiveness, and impulsiveness are the most common things to look for. People who are consuming drugs lose their sense of compassion or even common sense. It shows that drugs strips you of what makes you human and gives you this need to fill a void that always empties in the end. They slowly lose themselves to a never ending need that will deter people, so they will be forced to live alone leading them to be introverted. Abusing drugs eventually leads to you slowly kill your brain cells therefore killing any chance to learn again. Drugs hijacks your nerves to flood your brain with dopamine but the problem with that it floods your system, and just like a regular flood there is a abundance so you are drowning your brain in dopamine. Draining you of both memory and focus so your losing the memory to do basic things like get up in time, personal hygiene, balancing eating, and sleep. Addiction is the absolute worse effect, making you want more of your fix leading you to a destructive circle. Its much easier for a teen to get caught in this circle and once there caught it hard to break out. Your life starts to circle around the drugs you take; you start hanging out with other people who also do it, so you can get more drugs. You work more to get more drugs; even waking up just to get another fix in order to keep your body in balance. The more you do the drug the more it becomes a part of your life; but when it hits a certain point there will no help to break you out of the circle. Once you fall in the circle you will start to feel a physical need to your fix once you go a time without it your body start to shut down; leaving you with no immune system getting you sick more of the time. After all the sickness and getting more drugs your emotions connected when you get another dose you start feeling normal, but as soon as you run out thats when desperation kicks in. leaving you to lie and steal more drugs or things to sell to pay for them. All that leads you to is a life of crime running or going to jail doing all you can for your little drug to feel normal again leaving you back to the decision that got you here. Drugs cause a much shorter life expectancy because of all the health concerns a few major one are cancer, strokes, and even abnormal heart rate. Cancer would just be a lingering thing that will follow you throughout your life ether slowly killing you or just being an everyday thing dealing with it. Your body is all you have why would you just give it a deadly debases that will be a slow and painful death. Strokes are a thing that can happen to anybody the only thing is it increases the chances to get them. The strokes affect your whole body giving your body a weakness and numb feeling making everyday thing much harder. Not to mention the increase heart rate can lead to all kinds of problems a few are faintness, dizziness, loss of coordination, and lightheadedness. In any case increase heart rate for too low will cause much more problems than the benefits of taking drugs will ever give you, In conclusion I agree with the idea of drug testing of junior high students for purpose of identifying at risk students for potential drug addiction.   By identifying the students through behavioral issues as well as learning problems, we can start to break the chain of addiction and ensuring we get them medical help to these students who become more productive and valued members of society. Concept Of Hegemony: The US Concept Of Hegemony: The US Forms Of United States Power And The Concept Of Hegemony According to Warteberg, power can be described as a natural artifact which is an aspect of human life which provides human being with means to cooperate with each other and at the same time make group decisions. This can be considered as ability to perform certain actions or to look over something. According to Warteberg, there are two positions of power which provides external structures for dominant and subordinate position. In this respect, there is a dominant and on the other hand a subordinate. In most cases you will find that socially aligned agents will act to represent the dominant agent in a bid to control subordinate agents. From this we can conclude that there exist power relationships which can be described as a social phenomenon which is made possible due to the fact that there is an external set of agents and practices but not due to any individual capacity. It is in view of the above theory that this paper is going to look closely at the power of US. This paper will examine closely the seat of US power and how the above theory applies to its relationship with the states and with the international community. This paper will also look closely at the concept of hegemony and how it has been applied in the current power status of the world. Finally it will look on how the concept of hegemony can be defeated in the world. In its simplest definition, power can be considered as the ability to influence others to do what you want. Power is articulated in many ways including threatening, paying or co-opting those who you want to exercise your power on. Of all the threes means of articulating power, getting others attracted to what you want is the best means since it cost less and is even has more effect. (Nye 1990, p. 23) If we look closely at the theoretical power structure of the United States, we acknowledge that there are four main building blocks of power in this country. Power in any form is manifested in networks of ideological, economic, military and political which can simply be termed as the building blocks of power structures. A close analysis of American power reveals that it is class dominated and it is close to the power of Europe and Middle ages in the 19th century which was dominated by economic and political power networks. But we have to come to an agreement that power is rooted in organizations in the United States and in other nations. According to Michael Manns theory (1986, p. 1) the structures of power in most western civilization can be understood by determining the intertwining and relative importance of the organizations at any time in four overlapping and intersecting social spatial networks of power. These networks are basically as mentioned above. The United States can be considered to the pinnacle of the world power as far as many of us are concerned. This comparison is often made to what was reached by other states which had assumed the same status as the United States like the British or Roman Empire. But contrary to the earlier powers, todays power is vested in military might, economic power and cultural sway all which have not been found effective enough to wield a powerful position in the modern world. (Fergusson, 2003) Let us look at the concept to hard power. Hard power is the predominant realistic measure of the power of a nation usually seen through population, military, economy and others aspects. Although many scholars have accepted that the level of technology and problems that the modern world is facing makes it impossible for one country to wield that power, it is clear that the United States occupy a unique position in the world which it can use to lead the world in a constructive manner. United States wields much economic and military power both which are regarded as hard power which can be used to persuade other nations to follow its suit. (Boehm 1999, p. 124) On the other hand it also wields what can be called soft power which is vested in culture, strength of ideals, the willingness of other nations to adopt the articulated ideals and the capacity to leaders moral authority. Soft power is the term that is used to describe the capacity of any political body like a state that have an indirect influence on other states in terms of behaviors and interest which are articulated through culture and ideologies. There is a general agreement that the strength of American soft power is vested in the spread of modern culture in fashion and clothing like the spreads of blue jeans, music ant others. Many countries in the world are today following the ideal of democracy which has been nurtured in America and which is spreading fast to other states. All these countries which have adopted these ideals look upon America for protection of freedom and observation of basic human rights. As has been expressed there are basic things that must be present if nat ion is to express its soft power. The aspect of culture, values and foreign policies must be exercised very well in order for the concept of soft power to work. (Stanford 1994, p. 126) The above two forms of power are seen as what has driven America to occupy its current position in the world. There is a general agreement that if the above powers are used wisely, America can remain on the seat of power for the next decades. But it is not everyone who agrees to this idea. The concept of hegemony Let us look at the concept of hegemony. The concept of hegemony has been used for along time now to refer to the idea of existence of dominance by one social group. It was first used by Italian Communist Antonio Gramci who had been imprisoned by Mussolini up to his death in 1926. He supported this concept with the idea of emergence of new elite which was followed by a change of mens consciousness. He reasoned that a class that is politically dominant is also ideologically dominant meaning that it keeps its position because the dominated class accepts its moral and intellectual leadership. (Stanford, 1995) In this regard, it follows the earlier description of power by Wattenberg in that there is a ruling group called the hegemon which acquires a degree of consent from the subordinate group unlike in a case where the dominance exerts its power on the subordinate group using force. The concept of hegemony has been used widely in many places to refer to any form of dominance more so when one is refereeing to dominance through culture and non-military. The concept of hegemony can be described in many fronts all which refer to the way dominance is created. For example it can be achieved through the use of institutions in a bid to formalize power, the use of bureaucracy which makes others see power as abstract, and in other manes. It can also be achieved through the articulation of hard power over others like the use of military or imposition of economic sanctions. The rise of the concept is directly linked to the struggle that has been there in the world to acquire dominance. Since the era of cold and the signing o the Warsaw Pact, there had been many instances in which the concept of hegemony has been applied. In this era, it was seen as a moment of attaining the much needed hegemony through the struggle of cold war. In particular, it was seen as a bitter struggle between the then two superpowers of the world, Russia and America in a bid to find their rightful position in the world. After the end of the cold war and the collapse of the communism Russia, the concept of hegemony has been purely used to refer to the role played by the United States as a superpower. This is due to the role that American has played since then which makes it appear like it is having the power to lord over others. But has it really grasped the concept of hegemony? This has been an issue of contention and a topic that attracts many scholars of international relations. The opponents argue that although the United States has used all its hard and soft power to realize dominance, it has been able to achieve this. This is because it seems to lack the necessary resource to position itself well in a position to dominate others. The emergence of other powers in the world like European Union, China, India and others is also seen as a big stumble for the United States in a bid to reestablish itself as the world power. On the other hand proponents point out the various achievements that the United States has which puts it in a position to dominant others. They argue in support of its military might. This is a concept that with but we have to ask ourselves the extent to which the United States has been able to use this power. Except in the end of the Second World War, there are other very few instances in which the United States has bee able to use its military power to dominate others. The United States used it military power to bomb Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan which somehow brought the bitter Second World War to end. If we take another example, it also used its power during Gulf war to drive Saddam Hussein and his troops out of Iran. But since then, it seems there is a surging rise of the concept of responsibility which has been achieved through world bodies like the United Nations. The United Nations has put in place rules which require the exercise of veto power in voting for any military action. Here some proponents of the idea of hegemony for United States argue that although it holds the hard power, it is restricted by the provisions of some of those agreements to exercise this power. But lets us look at this closely. (Stewart 2001, p. 78) There are many incidences in which America has tried to use its hard power but it has failed. Take an example of Vietnam. During the cold war, American soldiers underwent serious military casualties in Vietnam. Here America rallied all its military power but it failed. From Vietnam America learned that hard power alone is not enough to guarantee dominance and some soft power is needed as well. It learned that there must be the use of influence of culture, value and foreign policies if a country will succeed in achieving the concept of hegemony. One of the worst calamities to hit America in the recent past has been the terrorist attack on Twin Towers on September 11 2001. This attack reminded America that although it presumed to have dominance over others, its hard power could be put to test. After that the Bush administration mobilized all the hard power in American possession in what was descried as war on terror. But again the issue of hegemony comes in light here again. The United States had to seek support of its allies who thought that they were also at risk of a terrorist attack. In its campaign, America was able to convince some countries in the world with almost equal hard power like Britain and others. But eight years down the line, the war which was seen to come to end in a matter of days owing to the military might of the force is still to end and no progress has been achieved. To make the matter worse, Britain which is a partner of United States in Afghanistan where the Taliban and the Al Qaeda are supposed be h iding also suffered a terror attack in London Railway system. Even a combination of all that force could not subdue the terrorist. From Afghanistan, America directed its force to Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein and install a democratic government in the country. But still there are no positive results coming from the country. This teaches us one lesson that in the modern world no single county can assume to have achieved the concept of hegemony. Though it may be referred to in many incidents, it does not apply in the real sense. What we are witnessing is the rise of power axis. This is mainly practiced in the United Nations Security Council where we see another bitter struggle for dominance. We see is a scenario where Russian and China always vote against the United States and its allies. This indicates that the so called powerhouse of the world have realized that they can no longer remain effectful in the face of the changing world. We can therefore say that the concept of hegemony has not achieved its meaning in the modern world. But if the current trend continue, we are going to come to a situation where there will emerge two parallel axis as history repeat itself. What many articulate here is that, the cold war has not ended, and the emerging axis is still allied to the earlier axis in the cold war. It is a struggle between capitalism and communism which is taking place once again. This is bringing more polarization to the concept of hegemony. How can we overcome hegemony? One thing we all agree to is that the concept of hegemony is being practiced in various sectors of life in our society. Therefore we cannot say that because it has become difficult for individual countries to achieve the concept of hegemony, then we should sit and watch. Since it practiced in our smaller societies there is need to work towards fighting the concept and its development. With the current trend in the world, we have seen that there is likelihood that the concept will take root. So what can we do to fight the concept? There is a common concession that the only best way to fight hegemony in the world would be by bringing about equality among all nations and among all communities living in a nation. The source of hegemony is directly attributed to a system of inequality which gives one party advantage over the other. Inequality in the world has been the source of acceptance of dominance by many countries especially those in the developing world. Tracing history since the era of colonization, there had been systematic inequality in access of resources which gives some countries undue advantage over the rest. (Joseph 2002, p. 54) Therefore, the only method that we can use to end hegemony would be through implementation of policies are aimed helping nations access resource in an equal manner. This will call for reviewing of international relationship including trade agreements which has been oppressive to the developing world. Following the postulation by Gramci, this will be achieved only when intellectuals rise to the challenge. In this regard the school ahs a role to play. This means that one of the most important tools that can be used to fight hegemony would be ensuring that there is access to quality education by all people in the world. (Moraes 2003, p 654) The modern world is driven by technology and many countries in the world which are fighting to acquire dominance like China have achieved this by improving their economy through technology. Education plays a crucial role in advancement of technology in any nation. In this regard intellectuals must inculcate a degree of self discipline and moral autonomy to resist colonization of their minds. This means intellectuals must become the ambassadors of the new culture in their own nations. Conclusion As we have seen no county can be said to have practiced the idea of hegemony not even the United States. But hegemony is practiced in our small societies and there is need to take bold measures in order to fight its. This will be achieved only when there is some degree of equableness in the society. Reference: Boehm, C 1999, The evolution of egalitarian behavior, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Fergusson, N 2003, Hegemony or Empire? Retrieved from, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030901fareviewessay82512/niall-ferguson/hegemony-or-empire.html on 7th March 2008 Joseph, J 2002, Hegemony, A realist Analysis, Routledge, New York Mann, M 986, The sources of social power, Cambridge University Press, New York Michael, C 2004, Whatever happened to American Decline? International Relations and the new United States Hegemony Moraes, R 2003, Antonio Gramci on Culture, University of Brasilia Nye, J. S1990, Bound to lead: The changing nature of American power, Basic Books Inc, New York Stanford, M 1994, Companion to the Study of History, Blackwell Stewart, A 2001, Theories of power and domination, the politics of empowerment in the late modernity, Sage, London

Free Billy Budd Essays: A Deconstructive Reading :: Billy Budd Essays

A Deconstructive Reading of Billy Budd Billy, who cannot understand ambiguity, who takes pleasant words at face value and then obliterates Claggart for suggesting that one could do otherwise, whose sudden blow is a violent denial of any discrepancy between his being and his doing, ends up radically illustrating the very discrepancy he denies. - Barbara Johnson, p. 86 With Barbara Johnson's splendid Critical Difference we are willy-nilly plunged into deconstruction. At the moment I shall not attempt to explain this radical and highly subversive critical mode, except to say that what you are about to see is an example of it. At the moment you may well ask (being, as you undoubtedly are, still very impressed by Dryden's splendidly anti-naïve reading), "you mean it is possible to be even more intelligent about Melville's story?" I remember asking myself the same thing when I first noticed the chapter in Barbara Johnson's book on Billy Budd. But I began to read it anyway and I soon found myself in the throes of a critically different excitement! The first thing that truly grabbed my attention was a remark Johnson makes apropos of the following quotation from Melville's story: "innocence and guilt personified by Claggart and Budd in effect changed places" (62). The narrator says this apropos of Billy having killed Claggart. This is what Barbara Jo hnson says apropos of the passage in question: "Interestingly enough, Melville both invites an allegorical reading and subverts the very terms of its consistency when he writes of the murder: 'Innocence and guilt . . .'" (83). Now that's deconstruction, folks! "Both invites . . . and subverts"? Wow! Needless to say, ALL CLAIMS JOHNSON MAKES FOR HER READING ARE SUPPORTED BY MELVILLE'S TEXT. What does Johnson, then, claim? I shall try to be as brief as possible about this splendidly anti-naïve reading. Johnson's first item on the agenda is to put into question Billy's innocence. (Melville himself tells us that "innocence was [Billy's] blinder" 49.) She asks us to consider Billy a kind of "reader" (Johnson calls him a "literal reader" 85). Billy is a "literal reader" in that he seems to take things at face value. He seems to believe, in fact, that things are what they seem to be. If Claggart appears to be nice to Billy (and he does) then Claggart must be nice to Billy (he isn't, of course).

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

The Leadership of Jack and Ralph in Lord of the Flies Throughout the novel Lord of the Flies, Ralph tries his best to create a society based on survival. As time progresses, it is clear that Jack's feelings are towards living life and having fun. Jack's society eventually leads to corruption, killing innocent people, while Ralph's prevails as the boys are rescued. Ralph uses a repetition of hope towards being saved while Jack's technique with no thought clearly flounders creating savages out of the once civilized boys. Ralph's original society is split because of lack of interest with some of the individuals. They begin to loose faith in themselves, and thus seek fun and fortune. In the end the group seeking a long-term reward beats out the group looking for short- term rewards, as Ralph's group prevails, causing Jack's to lose stimulating death among the other boys. "When Ralph spoke again his voice was low, and seemed breathless. `What have I done? I liked him-and I wanted us to be rescued' Again the stars spilled about the sky. Eric shook his head, earnestly. `Listen Ralph. Never mind what's sense. That's gone-' `Never mind about the Chief-' `-you got to go for your own good.' `The Chief and Roger-' `-yes, Roger-' `They hate you, Ralph. They're going to do you.' `They're going to hunt you to-morrow.'"(1) Here, the reader is basically told on what the two groups have to offer. Ralph's group is based on being rescued, while Jack's group is pro-hunting and other games in the wilderness. From the start, Ralph tries to keep the fire as the key-stone in the group. He knows that fire and smoke is used best to signal ships at a distance. This is what infact saves the stranded boys. In his group, Ralph makes shelters and calls assemblies. By using this method of bringing civilization to the island, the boys can thus remember what modern day society was like, and from then on can keep faith in themselves towards being rescued. Never once throughout the novel Lord of the flies, does Ralph become influenced or influence others towards savagery. Although Ralph may seem like the ideal leader, he lacks in many characteristics; the main one being intelligence. Throughout the novel Ralph has to depend on Piggy for ideas.

Civil Rights of African Americans Essay

Intro This essay will show how these two presidents tackled the problem of Civil rights of African Americans and it will demonstrate the extent of improvements and what remained the same. When one compares the extent of improvements which these two presidents make, the immediate reaction would be one praise towards President Kennedy because of his ultimate death while one would demonise President Johnson cause of Vietnam. This essay will show how little Kennedy actually accomplished as president but how much Johnson and the civil rights movement achieved thanks To be able to compare and objectively see the extent to which these two presidents improved civil rights for African Americans, we must first ascertain what their goals were and if they accomplished them or not; establish the extent of what they did with president each of the surrounding circumstances. In the early 1960S, the drive for voting rights became a central part of the major southern-based civil rights organizations’ strategy — the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), headed by Martin Luther King Jr., and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), led by Bob Moses, John Lewis and James Forman. Argument for Kennedy What did Kennedy do to advance the cause of civil rights? 1) He put pressure on federal government organisations to employ more African Americans. Any who were employed were usually in the lowest paid posts and in jobs that had little prospect of professional progress. The FBI only employed 48 African Americans out of a total of 13,649 and these 48 were nearly all chauffeurs. Kennedy did more than any president before him to have more African Americans appointed to federal government posts. In total, he appointed 40 to senior federal positions including five as federal judges 2) Kennedy appointed his brother (Robert) as Attorney General which put him at the head of the Justice Department. Their tactic was to use the law courts as a way of enforcing already passed civil rights legislation. The Justice Department brought 57 law suits against local officials for obstructing African Americans who wished to register their right to vote. Local officials from Louisiana were threatened with prison for contempt when they refused to hand over money to newly desegregated schools. Such a threat prompted others in Atlanta, Memphis and New Orleans to hand over finance without too many problems – few if any were willing to experience the American penal system which had a policy of punishment then as opposed to reforming prisoners. 3) Kennedy was very good at what would appear to be small gestures. In American football, the Washington Redskins were the last of the big teams to refuse to sign African Americans. Their stadium was federally funded and Kennedy ordered that they were no longer allowed to use the stadium and would have to find a new one. The team very quickly signed up African American players. 4) Kennedy created the CEEO (Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity). Its job was to ensure that all people employed with the federal government had equal employment opportunities; it also required all those firms that had contracts with the federal government to do the same if they were to win further federal contracts. 5) The 1963 March on Washington was initially opposed by Kennedy as he believed that any march during his presidency would indicate that the leaders of the civil rights campaign were critical of his stance on civil rights. Kennedy also felt that the march could antagonise Congress when it was in the process of discussing his civil rights bill. A march might have been viewed by Congress as external pressure being put on them. Kennedy eventually endorsed the march when it was agreed that the federal government could have an input into it. Malcolm X criticised King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy was attempting to take over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nick-name the march â€Å"The Farce on Washington†. Argument against Kennedy 1) Kennedy had to tread a very fine line in the South. His popularity by September 1963 showed that his support had dropped to 44% in the South. It had been 60% in March 1963. At this time, the South was a traditional stronghold of the Democrats. Was Kennedy a keen civil rights man? 2) In the immediate aftermath of his death, only praise was heaped on the murdered president. To do otherwise would have been considered highly unpatriotic. However, in recent years there has been a re-evaluation of Kennedy and what he did in his presidency. For a man who claimed that poor housing could be ended with the signing of the president’s name, Kennedy did nothing. His Department of Urban Affairs bill was rejected by Congress and eventually only a weak housing act was passed which applied only to future federal housing projects. 3) The CEEO was only concerned with those already employed (though it did encourage firms to employ African Americans) and it did nothing to actively get employment opportunities for African Americans. The CEEO was concerned with those in employment within the federal government not the unemployed. 4) Kennedy was also aware that southern Democrats were still powerful in the party and their wishes could not be totally ignored if the party was not to be split apart – or if Kennedy was not to get the party’s nomination for the 1964 election. However, there is no doubt that the violence that occurred in the South during his presidency horrified and angered him. Argument for LBJ 1) Lyndon Baines Johnson has been credited with being one of the most important figures in the civil rights movement. Johnson does have some distracters who believe that he was merely an unprincipled politician who  used the civil rights issue when he realised the worth of the â€Å"Black Vote†. However Johnson himself claimed to be an idealist who dreamed of making America a â€Å"Great Society†. It was Johnson who put the presidential signature to the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Conclusion I recon that, it doesn’t actually matter if Kennedy was a genuine supporter of civil rights or not, as long as he was doing something to improve it. People tend to forget all other pressures that were on Kennedy at the same time as the civil rights crisis, such as the Cuban crisis which potentially threatened world peace. From my point of view that would become subsequently much more important than civil rights. However I do understand and take into account the view that civil rights was a serious problem, which definitely had to be addressed, especially when the united states were claiming that they were the perpetrators of peace and liberty. Considering JFK’s premature death, the general world situation, (Vietnam, Cuban Missile Crisis) I think that the extent of JFK’s civil rights achievements were limited. While President Johnson was able to achieve remarkably a lot, especially when faced with the Vietnam War. One can argue that LBJ’s achievements, such as the passing of the civil rights bill is all thanks to JFK’s death; that he only promoted civil rights to boost his campaign to get to the top; the only reason he pursued the voting rights act was because faced with the Vietnam war, he had to boost moral at home. All this is partly true and has an effect that on what he was doing and had done but it wasn’t the main policy that he was following. LBJ had done what no other President before had ever, could ever or will ever achieve. He single handed managed to pass legislation trough congress that would change every single African Americans life for ever, but not only he also managed to keep at bay the feared white backlash, and the black power movement, considering that it could have escalated, and caused much greater damage. Over all the extent of legislation, appo intments and gestures that President Lindon Johnson did was at a far greater depth and extent that any had done for the civil rights movement in the US.