Strategic Fit of It Service Management

IBM Academy of Technology Academy TechNotes ATN Volume 2, Number 9, 2011 Strategic fit of IT Service Management iven the crucial role that IT (Information Technology) plays in businesses today, IT departments have a significant responsibility to ensure that its value is optimized. IT optimization can be obtained through the adoption of the IT Service Management proposition by IT operations. G Pietro Della Peruta However, IT Service Management concepts and tools are complex changes to introduce to an organization. To achieve the right fit of such concepts and tools it is important that the introduction is congruent with the company’s operating mode. The Company Operating Mode concept was introduced in the seminal work of Nolan and McFarlan on the â€Å"IT Strategic Impact Grid† (Harvard Business Review, October 2005, Information Technology and the Board of DirecTurnaround mode is characStrategic Dependence: Current value of IT on tors). According to the IT terized by the business havbusiness Strategic Impact Grid, ing a low strategic dependHigh companies operate in Low ence on IT which has high four possible modes: strategic impact. Firms in Turnaround Strategic High support, turnaround, facturnaround mode expect a IT Governance Focus IT Governance tory, and strategic. These new system to change their on system s and Governance modes determine the on business business. New systems promapplications Strategic Im pact: services Scope of IT current value IT has for ise major process optimizaFuture value of IT on operations the business (i. e. strategic business tion and service transformaSupport Factory Managem ent dependency) and the tion as well as cost reducBusiness Applications Focus future value IT has for the tion. IT operations are charservice and system m anagem ent m anagem ent business (i. e. strategic acterized by a great attenLow impact). To optimize the tion to efficiency, and they Legenda IT Managem ent Mode value of IT, for each are mostly process driven. Business Focus System Focus Com pany Operating Mode Company Operating Mode, The IT operations focus is on Focus of IT a well-defined level of IT the systems with attention to operations service management (IT IT governance processes (i. e. service management mode) needs to be implemented ITIL). y the IT operation. The IT service management mode is Strategic mode is characterized by IT having high stratecharacterized by the focus of IT operation (i. e. system gic dependence and high strategic impact on the busifocus or business focus) and by the scope of IT operations ness. Firms in this mode require dependable systems and (i. e. management focus or governance focus). When a must exploit emerging technologies to hold their comcompanyâ €™s currently adopted IT management mode petitive position. IT operations are seeking effectiveness does not match the operating mode the company is in, and efficiency. IT operations focus is on managing busithe IT department must modify the way IT services are ness service from a business point of view (effectiveness) managed in order to optimize the value of IT. as well as using a process driven approach to manage Support Mode is characterized by IT having low strategic the IT (efficiency). This means IT governance and business impact on the business which has a low strategic deservice focus. endency on IT. Companies in support mode are least dependent on IT. In this mode systems operate mostly in About the Author: Pietro della Peruta is an Executive IT Archimaintenance mode. Service interruption might not protect, IBM Software Group, a member of the IBM Academy of duce serious consequences. For a company in support Technology, and has 20 years of experience in systems mode, systems and applications are monitored and some availability and p erformance management. est practices exist for recovery from performance and availability problems. IT operations are focused on systems and applications resources, and the scope of operations is management.  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2011 Factory mode is characterized by the business having high strategic dependence on IT which has low strategic impact. Companies in factory mode are more dependent on information technology. If systems fail for a minute or more, there is an immediate loss of business. Increased response time has erious consequences for both internal and external users. IT management in the factory mode is characterized by a high level of effectiveness via tailored control of business service quality. KPIs (key performance indicators) are defined at business level more than at IT level. IT operations have a business focus but still a management scope. In factory mode, the focus of IT operations is more on managing the business services than on the systems or the applications as single entities. For more information please visit the Academy web site.

China today Essay

China today would not miss the inquisitive recognition of an observative eye. Ranging from the political, economical and social, China has moved from some of its early concepts, thoughts, philosophies and forms of ruling. Today, much more influence from the outside world has had major impact on the outlook of the modern Chinese people and their culture. To talk about China without reflecting about their ancient culture and the dynasties would be to do a great injustice to the Chinese people. Although, the concern of this essay is to look at individualism, thus it would be not possible not to generally mention the emperors ruling and the culture which has dominated China since 221 BCE. The Chinese society was largely an agricultural settled society that was propagated by the Confucius thought. Many of those who have written the history of China have at instances tried to compartmentalize it into culture, politics and society. This loses the value of their study since being a Chinese before the eighteenth and nineteenth century involved culturalism as opposed to nationalism. These are a people who largely had a shared identity and collective rituals. Confucius ideas, self development, among others and negative attitude to profit making had an impact and an expression of individualism. Culturalism impeded the growth of the state because it emphasized on ones ties to the family, region or city. In other words China was fragile due to ethnic nationalism which made it a very unstable state especially under the poke of other countries. The ethnic nationalism was responsible for the revolution of the 1911 because of anti Manchurian Han oriented ideas that they, Manchuria courts were not in a position to defend the Chinese people. It is at the twentieth century that China was faced by threats from Western and Japanese capitalism and imperialism. Therefore it had to define its position on the national stage and set itself a much a country to be consulted in matters of the world (Wang, pp ix & 211). The importance of the individualistic view in the Confucianism tradition helped to set China in preparation of later developments and changing realities that could not allow it to retain the empire style. Thus, it is by the negation of Confucius ideas that led to the rise of new culture thus the birth of state nationalism. Closely following this era is the period of Chairman Mao who was an ardent socialist. During his time era, from 1949 it was considered behaving like a bourgeoisie when one showed interests in self. China was a collectivist state that suppressed the individual desires advocating for the society’s plight. The changes in China today are as a result of the government outlook reforms of the 1980’s. Mostly the youth in China mirror more of the Western culture more than the older generation thus sometimes causing conflict between the two groups. The Western culture has brought individualistic thought and perspectives that even in education politics and all other parts of the society reflect an outlook of self. In education as an example most the parents are urging the sons and daughters to pursue high paying courses for the sole purpose of personal better placement. Post Mao China has overcome the collective notions of the society to emphasis on individualism. No longer will you see workers donning the same color or style clothes (Robert, para 8, 9 & 10). The fact that the modern Chinese society was formed on the foundations of the West does not mean that the Confucius thought completely was exterminated. The power of the community is still in force as Wei-ming Tu puts it, that there is group solidarity which is involved decision making through consensus can d conflict resolutions. There is no distinction between personal and public lives of the people. The classical outlook of the family by the Confucius thought still forms as the major connection of politics education capitalism and social lives. This has the implications of a sense of duty responsibility obligation relationship independence and autonomy. Thus, in the wake of being the best person through self respect and dignity such a person does not fall short of having the role of taking care of his fellow neighbor family community state and the state. This is seen as the modern psychological approach to the new China in the fact that if one is found falling less of this, then you loose your place in the public hence a sense of personal guilt. It is therefore evident that the Chinese value collective individualistic aspects for the betterment of the society (Tu, pp 7, 8, 9 & 10). Bibliography: Robert L. , M. Ethnology: Generation KU: individualism and China’s millennial youth, 22nd September 2005. Retrieved from on 25th April 2009 Tu, W. Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-Dragons. ISBN 0674160878, 9780674160873, Harvard University Press, 1996. Wang, K. Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism. ISBN 0815307209, 9780815307204, Published by Taylor & Francis, 1998.

Tort law undergraduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tort law undergraduate - Essay Example One should be aware that this is another province in which the relationship among Human Rights Act and the common law principles will have to be worked out over periods of time. Further, the introduction of HR Act has not resulted in any major changes in the court’s outlook to the public official’s obligation at common law. (Lunney & Oliphant 2008: 530). In Van Colle case, the plaintiff’s son, who was likely to be a witness, in an ensuing criminal trial process, was under constant intimidation and threat which the police were aware as he had duly intimated to police about this, and the plaintiff’s son was murdered before the commencement of trial itself. Under Article 2 of the HRA, a claim was brought under the HRA for the infringement of the duties. (Lunney & Oliphant 2008:148). Thus , an action was initiated against the police for awarding compensation under the HRA 1998 , basing on a failure by the police as they failed to save the life of a citizen under police’s positive obligation under art .2 of ECHR and got a favourable verdict at first instance. The police appealed to the Court of Appeal, and it was unsuccessful and then made an appeal to House of Lords where the Lords gave the verdict in favour of police. In â€Å"Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire†, (Harpwood 106), the decision of Houses of Lords was footed on public policy, which functioned as a watertight guard in civil claims for the police which resulted in a disproportionate bar on the privileges of individuals. (Harpwood 106). House of Lords was of the opinion that there was no fundamental for inflicting duties on the police as it would interrupt with the freedom of action which police is required when dealing with a grave crime(Harpwood 106). However, in Hill case, Lord Keith was of the view that police may be tortuously responsible to an

Speech Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speech Outline - Essay Example social networking tools have worked against the societal norms that define the young generation behaviour, because mot believe if they are not using social media, they are outdated. The ‘Fakebook generation’ no longer respects their culture nor their elders, they want to fit in a society that they believe is the best for them without factoring the ideas and guidance from their elders. To some extent, I agree with Mathias, and in most cases I disagree with her. Yes, the â€Å"Fakebook Generation’ could have decayed morals, but exactly what has contributed to that, Facebook alone? Or is it a combination of many factors that have created a fake generation? I believe the society has a lot to do to ensure the youth are not totally lost and that Facebook and other social networks do not make them forget their societal values. Despite most of them believing that they need to use social media to have a sense of belonging among their peers, parents and the society at large has a role to play to ensure the social norms are not thrown to the dogs. Mathias believes in a world view that tends to make a general assumption of the youth, which is not always correct as different countries and different cultures have people behave differently (Kirszner & Mandell,

Argumentative Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Argumentative Paper - Essay Example How dissimilar is it to coerce her to remain pregnant and eventually become a mother merely due to attempts at birth control by accident failed? From her perspective, the pregnancy is unwanted. From the point of the view of the unborn child, how the pregnancy comes about definitely makes no difference. If obliging a woman to go on with a pregnancy that will almost surely kill her is unacceptable, how different is it to force her to carry on with a pregnancy that will most likely abbreviate her life or a pregnancy that will make her life miserable? Of all the false notions concerned in the abortion debate, none is more relentless than the idea that science has not yet established when life starts. This mistaken belief is well-known but completely unbelievable. For centuries, biologists have already known that an unborn child is living for the duration of the pregnancy. It is the unavoidable conclusion of a principle as fundamental to â€Å"biology as gravity is to physics or the heliocentric solar system is to astronomy† (Marianna, 2002, 83). The main theological subject matter created by the abortion discourse focuses on the personhood of the unborn child. Evangelical Christians who are laboring for a legitimate human existence modification to prohibit abortion claim that the Bible preaches, namely, that the unborn child is a person and that abortion is undoubtedly an act of murder. According to Harold Brown, â€Å"The Bible prohibits the taking of innocent human life. If the developing fetus is shown to be a human being†¦ (or) if human life has begun, then abortion is homicide and not permissible† (Segers, 1995, 102). Although the opening statement is apparently different, Brown’s argument is in fundamental accord with that of the statement of Pope Pius XII: â€Å"Innocent human life, in whatever condition it is found, is

Two Fundamental Conditions Determine What Each One of US Can Become Essay

Two Fundamental Conditions Determine What Each One of US Can Become - Essay Example The sense of identity which individuals experience is determined by the moral and intellectual development and it defines what one becomes in life. The nine positions or stages of students’ journey during their development were provided by William Perry and have been substantiated by research (West 61). The identity of a student is congruent to his or her attitudes towards the acquired knowledge. The first category of the nine stages of development is that of received knowledge or dualism. The basic principle of dualism explains how individuals experience problems asserting that all problems can be solved. The ability of students to obtain the right solution to every problem hence determines how they experience life and thus what they become. The identities of people are diverse in terms of their achievement in life. Achievers are those who are capable of solving life problems through application of the right solutions. The knowledge received by a person is obviously a basic f actor which influences life achievement because it is through application of acquired knowledge that various tasks are achieved. However, knowledge requires skills and experience, which defines the identity of a person in terms of what has been achieved, and what that individual is capable of doing (DeRobertis 177). The feelings, which people develop about themselves significantly, influence problem-solving abilities because those who believe that they can manage situations and overcome challenges have a different identity from people who are submissive to the inevitable life challenges. Additionally, full dualism is a position presented by Perry that demonstrates the need to ignore solutions, which are not considered right in solving particular problems. As a result, it can be argued that the feelings people develop about their identity can be said to be a result of their ability to select the right solution to problems. People who are not able to learn ways of overcoming challenge s may have bad feelings about their own self. The concept of soft determinism views events and human decisions as being determined but moral responsibility and freedom exists but on the other hand, Jean Paul Sartre argues that the decisions, which determine our existence, are a result of an accident or chance (Odesanmi 85). The decisions, which people make, justify what every individual is in life and the diverse identities, which are associated with the achievement of people in society. It is true that people have freedom to choose what they become in life but at times accidental destinies result from unexpected happenings such as disease or disability which change the identity of a person and the manner in which self-worthy is viewed by himself or other people. In child development, the humanistic approach or theory of teaching emphasizes self-concept arguing that when a child feels good about himself or herself then it shows a good start in acquisition of knowledge (Odesanmi 88). The works of Carl Rogers also demonstrates how the humanistic approach determines what a child becomes in life through evaluation of how a student feels about his or her self-worth. Positive feelings about oneself thus lead to motivated

What makes a property sustainable and how could we increase the Essay - 1

What makes a property sustainable and how could we increase the percentage of the building stock that is sustainable - Essay Example This calls for efficiency in technology supply and change in lifestyles in managing the type and resources present in a country. The usage of resources further depends on the environmental awareness, learning experiences, the value and availability of the resource, type of household and normative pressure. Property sustainability is affected by product manufacturing and assembly, building structure, maintenance system, waste disposition, material extraction, and replacement (Bulg, Leimgruber, Huni and Scholz 2009). The 2008 financial crisis that hit the world led to weakening of the housing markets and vulnerable populations, and this called for planners to redesign programs that promote sustainable home ownership. The move helped to lower risks, protect the environment while assuring robust returns to investors as they are less prone to shortfalls in returns. The major concern is usually technology, ecology and green performance. This implies that social infrastructure should be able to satisfy the present generation while posing no threat to the future generation. Thus, sustainable property should enable human systems in realizing their capabilities without posing any social inequality (Lorenz and Lutzkendorf 2005). The increase in carbon dioxide emissions is propelled by the energy used by people in heating, lighting and running the daily activities. Given that these emissions pose a serious and adverse effect on the climate change, an effective remedy to this menace needs to be developed. In this effect, initiatives that ensure that homes minimize the use of energy through building of sustainable property help to combat the emissions. Facilitated by the Sustainable Home Code, planners have introduced the buildings are constructed upon codes that enhance a greener way of living thus benefiting the society at large. There has been

Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Addiction - Essay Example Supporters of this model feel that drug abuse is a crime which should be heavily punishable as the individual who chooses to do drugs, does so by his own free will (Rose, 2010). According to the disease model of addiction, drug addiction can be seen as a progressive disease which is irreversible and unique in nature. The supporters of this model can be seem to be of the view that addiction and alcoholism is some thing that cannot be cured. However, they do argue that a limit can be placed onto such activities by making the addict stay away from the drug or substance that he is addicted to. The psychological model of addiction on the other hand argues that being dependent on drugs and other substances comes from having abnormalities or certain negative characteristics in the nature of the addict himself. Supporters of this view argue that such druggies are owners of what is referred to as an â€Å"addictive personality†, having no control over their own wishes and their personality, having extremely low self esteem and being unable to cope up with tension and stress (Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs,

Free Speech vs. Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free Speech vs. Security - Essay Example It allows for the debate and resolution of these problems by the mutual consent of the people. However from the homeland security perspective, a society incorporating free speech may appear as a threat to political stability. The best example here is of Egypt where normal citizens planned a historic protest on a social networking website. Also in a society where people from different racial and religious background live, freedom of speech may provoke a particular community. In such a case, spread of violence and hatred may occur. The use of internet has allowed everyone to speak freely without any fear. The amount of information available on the internet is formidable and the people have easy access to it (Sunstein, 1995). Homeland security considers this availability of extensive amount of information as a security threat as it may be used for negative purposes and this is the reason why recently a bill has been passed which gives government the right to bar internet access if it de ems it appropriate. Everyone should know that accompanying the right of free speech are the responsibilities associated with it. The responsibility of people increases multifold during wartime.

Friedrich Froebel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Friedrich Froebel - Research Paper Example Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) was born in the Oberweibach area of Thuringia, Germany on 21 April 1782. His father was an orthodox Lutheran pastor who ran the parish there. So it was not surprising that the Church and the Lutheran religion became the first pillars of Froebel’s own education. To his bad luck, the health of Froebel’s mother began to fail soon after his birth and she died within nine months. Froebel’s father also passed away in 1802 and he was sent to live with an uncle in the adjoining village of Stadt-Ilm. Froebel started his career as an educationist in 1805 as a secondary school teacher in Frankfurt. At this time he was impressed by the work of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, also working with him in Switzerland to further develop his ideas. In 1811 Froebel once again went to Berlin and became a teacher at a boarding school for boys that specialized in pedagogy and patriotism. After serving in the Napoleonic wars of 1813-14, he was employed in the Institute of Mineralogy by Christian Samuel Weiss. However he did not hold this job for long and ultimately founded the German General Educational Institute in Arnstadt, Thirungia. He began publishing pamphlets about the need for education in 1820. In 1826 he published the Education of Man, his main work, followed by the Educating Families in 1828. In 1840, he finally started the first kindergarten concept in Germany at the Play and Activity Institute which he had established in 1837 (Rusk & Scotland, 1979: 32). He also designed toys and activ ity materials dubbed Froebel’s Gifts for these young kids. He died at Mariental on 21 June 1852. Important Contributions Froebel was instrumental in including the concept of play and free association for kids in the classroom. He also trained people in his teaching methods and discipline. Following the success of his methods, his student Margaret Schultz opened up a kindergarten at Wisconsin in 1856 and Elizabeth Peabody in Boston in 1860. By 1911, kindergarten education was officially recognized in Germany under its own state and regulatory laws. Froebel College in South West London in the UK was started in 1892 to respect and follow his traditions. He also was the first to train women in pedagogy at the premises granted by the Duke of Meiningen for this purpose(Weber, 1969: 13). According to Sniegoski (1994: 3), Froebel can be credited for ignoring the idea that the child was like a plant or a lump of clay into which education can be implanted. This concept originated by Lo cke was in vogue at the time, but the tireless efforts of Frobel and his followers soon brought in a new concept, namely the importance of play and learning at one’s own pace. Each new activity grew out of a previously available idea and thus a child was able to grow in stages of intellectual development. Much the same thing has been recognized and identified by other thinkers such as Jean Piaget. Froebel regarded play as the most important basis for the spontaneous development of the child. Another idea Froebel encouraged was self activity. He preferred that the learner educate himself. The task of the teacher was just to create a learning environment for the child, and shield the child from danger or unwanted processes. Froebel opined that for the first year of life, the mother was a child’s most important teacher, while they depended on the whole family for support and contentment. As the child

Shakespeares Sonnets Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares Sonnets Essay In this essay I will describe the themes of Shakespeares sonnets, the structure and the imagery in the sonnets. The main themes of the sonnets are love, beauty, mutability and death. The sonnets are almost all constructed from three four-line stanzas and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg, this is the structure of most of his sonnets and I will describe the effect of the structure in his sonnets. I will also write about the imagery in the sonnets which is usually revolved around nature, weather and the seasons throughout the year. Shakespeares sonnets are more or less love poems and I will talk about who they might or might not have been for in my essay. Sonnet 18, potrays the youth of marriage, he uses descriptions of nature, and the power and images that they imply, and directly compares them to the power the young man possesses in his youth. In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare shows us that his love will be preserved through his eternal lines of poetry by comparing his love and poetry with a summers day. Shakespeare then uses personification to emphasize these comparisons and make his theme clearer. Shakespeare also uses repetition of single words and ideas throughout the sonnet in order to stress the theme that his love and poetry are eternal, unlike other aspects of the natural world. Using the devices of metaphor, personification and repetition, Shakespeare reveals his theme that the natural world is imperfect while his love is made eternal through his lines of poetry. But thy eternal summer shall not fade,  Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growst Shakespeare declares that his love is forever lasting and relates his feelings to summer, which is bright, warm and clear. Shakespeare also talks about the beauty of the young man he is writing to and says that he would never lose possession of his beauty. The fact that Shakespeare chose to compare his love to a summers day and not a day of another season helps to emphasize the eternity of his love and his poems. During the summer, the days are longer than in any other season. Shakespeare compares a human life to the summers day when he speaks about thy eternal summer. This emphasizes again Shakespeares idea that his love is eternal, unlike other natural things that age and decay. In Sonnet 73, That time of year, the sonnet clearly describes the imagery of nature, seasons of the year and weather. Shakespeare indicates his feeling that he has not long to live as he describes the time of year as Winter. All the images in this sonnet suggest impending death. The season of Winter reflects that he has not long to live and as nature slowly dies in the Winter, so will he. In the first quatrain, the poet compares himself to autumn leaves, but he is unable to pinpoint their exact number, just as he cannot determine how close he is to death: When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold In the second quatrain, he talks about twilight, which is just before night. This indicates that light is nearly gone and blackness will consume him. Shakespeare is close to death now as he imagines death twice more, first as black night and then as sleep, Deaths second self. He describes himself as a fire going out and he craves for his youth as his ashes smothers it. This thou perceivst, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well which thou must leave ere long. In the couplet, Shakespeare declares his love for his youth and believes he will soon die and never see the young man again. In reading Shakespeares sonnets I found that they were quite interesting and were mainly revolved around love, beauty, nature and time. The stucture remained the same in almost all the poems which emphasized the mood of Shakespeare that there was a fixed path or routine in his life. The imagery in his sonnets was mainly related to nature and the world around him, using nature references to compare his love to youth or the young man he writes about. I think Shakespeares sonnets were enjoyable to read and he potrays his emotions to his readers very clearly.

Rhetorical Analysis of Jfk Inaugural Speech Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis of Jfk Inaugural Speech Essay In early 1961, the United States of America was enduring racial tensions and inequalities on the home-front, as well as waging war against Communism and the Cold War internationally. Chaos and fear had penetrated the minds of the American people because the Cold War was near its pinnacle; the American people longed for a strong, reassuring leader. John F. Kennedy provided that reassurance in his Inaugural Address. Taking the current national and international turmoil into account, Kennedy sought to persuade the Nations people to Join in his efforts and unify together in order to achieve peace. The inaugural address is saturated with rhetorical strategies seeking to flatter the American People and utilizes words of encouragement to evoke unification. Kennedy was able to effectively establish a profound kairotic moment at which his discourse can make the most difference or have the most influence. The speech persuades the American people by providing motivating propositions through appeals to ethos, logos and pathos. Kennedys inaugural address plays to an irrefutably persuading rhythm. Strong, motivational verbs are Joined with sophisticated adjectives in a manner that would make the most nane speech capable of swaying an entire population. In order to capture the minds of the American people, Kennedy begins with an antithesis, calling his victory, a celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning. This statement is to ensure the people that they are embarking in a new era of reform and peace, the end of turmoil, and the beginning of prosperous tranquility. Similar to the Declaration of Independence, Kennedys speech emphasizes the unification of the country through the use of parallelism and Juxtaposition. Kennedy appeals to his udiences ethos through visions of freedom and American values. He does this through the Juxtaposition of freedom from the tyranny of man and the reliance of God to provide such freedom. By utilizing a quote from Isaiah, .. to undo heavy burdens and let the oppressed go free, Kennedy persuades all who listen to pursue freedom because it is both their God given right and their patriotic duty. Kennedy emphasizes his argument for patriotic unification by effectively using anaphora to break his pledges and propositions into segments. The repetition of declarative lements exemplifies his pledge that he will continue to pursue peace and encourage action. He declares, to those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, and, to those peoples in huts and villages across the globe in order to evokes nationalistic feelings through the appeal to pathos. This pledge of calm persuasiveness exemplifies his stasis of remaining strong and unified amongst the division of tyranny. Kennedys choice of such language caused his audience to find it hard to disagree with such an amiable stance. He stated, United, there is little e cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. This statement exemplifies the importance of international and national unification. Due to the Cold War, Kennedy is extremely intent on bringing liberty to the world much more than protecting the liberties already present. However, it is evident that there was an underlying fear in his pledge; almost a plea to advisories for union and non violent where disagreeing with him would seem unpatriotic and weak, In your hands, my ellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe. Kennedy chose words such as, national loyalty, in order to evoke an appeal to ethos and logos and graves of young Americans to appeal to their pathos. He points to the resiliency of the United States and the need for the people to continue to support the ideals of freedom that ave seemed forgotten. The people were challenged to Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty. Kennedy successfully appeals to the pathos and ethos of the audience in order to establish his views of the inane strength and duty within all Americans. In the conclusion of his speech, Kennedy cleverly positions one of the most memorable quotes of history. While the audience is full of excitement and atriotic duty because of his previous statement calling for strength and faith, he pauses for a moment and states And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what you r country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. This statement attenuates itself to the rhetorical instrument of kairos because the placement and the time in which Kennedy chose to speak the words provided its long lasting impact. The influence of this statement has persuading many Americans to act upon their own stasis and exemplify true freedom and strength for their country.

Role of Genes and Environment in the Aetiology of Schizophre

Role of Genes and Environment in the Aetiology of Schizophre INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia (schiz = splitting; phrene = mind) is generally characterized as the fragmentation of psychic functions (Bleuler, 1950) of which the absolute causes are unknown. It is defined and diagnosed based on Schneider (1959)’s ‘first rank symptoms’ which can be further categorized into positive (e.g. hallucination, delusion, etc.) and negative (e.g. avolition, catatonia, etc.), depending on the described and observed experiences of patients (Andreasen Olsen, 1982). This essay aims to review a wide range of scientific literature and research which attempted to study the influence of various genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of schizophrenia based on the general assumption that this mental illness is a multifactorial disease and can be viewed as an outcome of gene-environmental interaction (Van Os, Rutten, Poulton, 2008). A case study on the effect of Cannabis use on schizophrenia (Caspi et al., 2005) is analysed in order to justify the signi ficance of gene-environment interaction. GENETIC FACTORS The study of genes and how they contribute to the aetiology of schizophrenia have always been the topics of interest for neurobiologist. Multiple twins studies have shown that identical twins of 100% shared genes carry almost 40 times higher risk than completely unrelated people in developing such mental disorder if one of them was schizophrenic (Kallman, 1946; Cardno et al., 1999). In fact, schizophrenia is a polygenic illness as no single significant schizophrenia gene has been identified and numerous candidate genes such as Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (dysbindin), neuregulin 1 (NRG1), Catechol-O-methyltransferase protein (COMT), and Disrupted-in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) are the aetiological factors (Ross et al., 2006). This essay intends to discuss the role of COMT with respect to the ‘dopamine hypothesis’ and dysbindin corresponding to the ‘glutamate hypothesis’. Two neurochemical models have evolved to become important theories accounting for the aetiology of schizophrenia. The dominant one is the ‘dopamine hypothesis’ which pinpointed the association of hyperfunction of dopamine system, critically at D2 receptors, with schizophrenia (Carlsson, 1988) but it is being challenged (Egan et al., 2001) and will be discussed in next section. Another recent model will be the ‘glutamate hypofunction hypothesis’ which suggested that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors dysfunction and deficiency in glutamate production can lead to negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Olney, 1999; Coyle, 2006). ‘Dopamine hypothesis’ challenged: Introduction of inverted â€Å"U† model for COMT as the regulator of dopaminergic transmission COMT gene, being located at chromosome 22q11.2, is involved in the synthesis of dopamine metabolic enzyme and it regulates the dopaminergic transmission across synapses in the prefrontal cortex (Craddock et al., 2006; Tunbridge et al., 2006). Microdeletion of this chromosomal region resulted in Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) and approximately one third of the patients suffering from VCFS were diagnosed to be with schizophrenia (Murphy et al., 1999), depictingthe significance of COMT in aetiology of schizophrenia via regulation of the release of dopamine transmitters in PFC. Two alleles, valine (Val) and methione (Met), found on COMT are involved in the functional polymorphism which alters the activity of dopamine metabolic enzyme. The relatively lower stability of the Met allele resulted in the lower enzyme activity, which in turn reduced dopamine breakdown and increased the concentration of dopaminergic transmission in the synapses. Consequently, individuals with Met-Met genotype were expected to be more susceptible to schizophrenia (Ross et al., 2006). In contrast, research has challenged the ‘dopamine hypothesis’ by demonstrating that both the patients with schizophrenia and individuals that inherited two copies of Val alleles (with decreased prefrontal dopamine level) exhibited the lowest PFC efficiency (Egan et al., 2001). This leads to the introduction of an inverted â€Å"U† model (see Figure 1) which illustrates the relationship between COMT genotype, PFC dopamine levels and prefrontal activity (Cools DEsposito, 2011). Glutamate hypothesis: Dysbindin as the regulator of glutamatergic transmission Dysbindin gene, being located at chromosome 6p22.3, was identified to have strong association with schizophrenia (Straub et al., 2002). There is a wide colocalisation of this gene with dystrobreyin in both presynaptic and postsynaptic regions of brain such as hippocampus (Benson et al., 2001). The level of dysbindin expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of schizophrenia patients is consistently found to be significantly reduced (Talbot et al. 2004, Bray et al., 2005; Weickert et al, 2008). As a result of knockdown of endogenous dysbindin protein in culture by siRNA, a small interfering RNA, glutamatergic neurotransmission can be reduced. (Numakawa et al., 2004; Talbot et al., 2004). Besides, the reduced expression also significantly suppresses the synaptic transmission of glutamate in Drosophila’s brain (Shao et al., 2011) and reduces the excitation of NMDA as well as the expression of NR1 mRNA in the PFC of mice (Karlsgodt et al., 2011). These findings wel l supported the ‘glutamate hypothesis’ of schizophrenia, which proposed this mental disorder as an outcome of dysfunction of NMDA receptors and glutamatergic transmission. Limitations Although microdeletion of chromosome 22q11.2 increases vulnerability to schizophrenia, it is important to note that there might be other genes on the same location that can account for such illness as COMT is not the only gene in this location. Moreover, in contrast to the glutamate hypothesis’, reduced dysbindin expression in the hippocampus of mice increases NMDA-mediated current and long-term potentiation and increase glutamatergic transmission (Tang et al., 2009). This suggests that ‘glutamate hypothesis’ might not be applicable to the role of dysbindin in all brain areas. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Studies using the approach of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have consistently discovered significant brain abnormalities in schizophrenics such as reduced frontal lobes and cerebral cortex (Andreasen et al., 1986) which affected cognitive abilities. Reduced frontal cortex was later shown to have no correlation with familial influence but with environmental factors (Owen et al., 2012). Although Touloupoulou et al. (2010)’s study has demonstrated that genetic factors can explain the correlation between cognition and schizophrenia, the research also suggested that environmental factors can account for the weak link between them. This essay will then discuss the influence of prenatal and postnatal risk factors as well as childhood trauma in the aetiology of schizophrenia. Prenatal and postnatal risk factors in aetiology of brain abnormalities A meta-analysis has demonstrated the strong correlation between schizophrenia and prenatal or obstetric complications such as below standard birth weight, premature birth and perinatal hypoxic brain damage (Cannon, Jones Murray, 2002). During prenatal stage, deficiency in micronutrients such as folate, iron and vitamin D can interrupt physical development of fetus and result in low birth weight (Brown Susser, 2008). Maternal exposure to infectious pathogens such as herpes simplex virus type-2, rubella, polio etc. can also impact neurodevelopment in fetus and raise the vulnerability of offspring towards schizophrenia. Furthermore, hynoxia (deficiency in oxygen level) during perinatal stage significantly influences the development of gray matter which in turn induces schizophrenia (Opler et al., 2013). Childhood trauma and experiences in aetiology of abnormal functional and structural brain development Positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucination is of strong association with undesirable childhood experiences such as abuse and neglect. Childhood trauma acts as a stressor which adversely alters the dopamine production system in hippocampus. Accordingly, the accumulated effect of abuse can trigger dysregulation of dopaminergic transmission as well as the onset of schizophrenia (Read, Os, Morrison Ross, 2005). The abnormal dopamine level (either too high or too low) is linked with the aetiology of schizophrenia, corresponding to the inverted ‘U’ model (Cools DEsposito, 2011). In addition, childhood abuse can lead to traumatic brain injury (TBI) which results in neurodegeneration and significant volume loss in various brain regions and eventually leads to the onset of psychosis (Keightley, 2014). 1316 GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Case Study: COMT genotypes moderates the effect of adolescent cannabis-use on risk of schizophrenia in adulthood Strong evidences have signified the use of cannabis in adolescence as the modest risk factors for schizophrenia. Early use of cannabis is capable of increasing the risk of brain abnormalities and schizophrenia because the brains of adolescents are still under development and brain maturation is extremely susceptible to the deleterious effect cannabis use (Ehrenreich et al 1999; Pistis et al 2004; Pope et al 2003; Schneider and Koch 2003). Nonetheless, this environmental factor alone cannot be regarded as an aetiology of such mental disorder because a vast majority of the cannabis adolescent users do not exhibit schizophrenic disorders in adulthood (Caspi et al., 2005). Hence, the vulnerability of individuals towards adolescent-onset use of cannabis suggests a gene-environment interaction. In fact, COMT gene, as discussed above, is involved in regulating such trait. Individuals who have two copies of Val alleles carry the highest risk of schizophrenia at age 26 if cannabis abuse was f ound in their early stages, followed by Met-Val genotypes and adolescents who inherited Met-Met COMT genotype are least vulnerable to the abuse use of cannabis (Caspi et al., 2005). Thus, this clearly demonstrates the moderation effect of COMT on cannabis use and the gene-environment interaction. CONCLUSION In conclusion, understanding the role of various genes such as COMT and dysbindin in regulating the neurotransmission can help developing adequate medications which effectively tackle the mental illness. Identifying the influence of prenatal and obstetric complications as well as childhood experiences in aetiology of schizophrenia can also effectively prevent the onset of schizophrenia. Last but not least, studying the gene-environment interaction in the case of cannabis use reveals the multifactorial properties and intricate aetiology of schizophrenia. Hence, future research is encouraged to work on such interaction in order to pinpoint the main causes of such mental disorder. REFERENCES Andreasen, N. C., Olsen, S. (1982). Negative v positive schizophrenia: definition and validation.Archives of General Psychiatry,39(7), 789. Bleuler, E. (1950). Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. Oxford/England: International Universities Press. 548. Carlsson, A. (1988). The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. Cardno AG, Marshall EJ, Coid B, Macdonald AM, Ribchester TR, Davies NJ, et al. (1999). Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders.Arch Gen Psychiatry,56 (162), 8. Kallmann, F. J. (1946). The genetic theory of schizophrenia: an analysis of 691 schizophrenic twin index families.American Journal of Psychiatry,103(3), 309-322. Kety, S. S. R. D., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. H., Schulsinger, F., Jacobsen, B. (1974). Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic: A preliminary report based upon interviews with the relatives.Journal of Psychiatric Research,10(2), 154. Ingraham, L. J., Wender, P. H., Kety, S. S. (1991). Characterization of genetically transmitted schizophrenia in Danish adoptees.Schizophrenia Research,4(3), 279-280. Ross, C. A., Margolis, R. L., Reading, S. A., Pletnikov, M., Coyle, J. T. (2006). Neurobiology of schizophrenia.Neuron,52(1), 139-153. Straub, R. E., Jiang, Y., MacLean, C. J., Ma, Y., Webb, B. T., Myakishev, M. V., Kendler, K. S. (2002). Genetic variation in the 6p22. 3 Gene DTNBP1 the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene is associated with schizophrenia.The American Journal of Human Genetics, 71(2), 337-348. Shao, L., Shuai, Y., Wang, J., Feng, S., Lu, B., Li, Z., Zhong, Y. (2011). Schizophrenia susceptibility gene dysbindin regulates glutamatergic and dopaminergic functions via distinctive mechanisms in Drosophila.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108(46), 18831-18836. Olney, J. W., Newcomer, J. W., Farber, N. B. (1999). NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia.Journal of psychiatric research,33(6), 523-533. Coyle, J. T. (2006). Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis.Cellular and molecular neurobiology,26(4-6), 363-382. Talbot, K., Eidem, W. L., Tinsley, C. L., Benson, M. A., Thompson, E. W., Smith, R. J., Arnold, S. E. (2004). Dysbindin-1 is reduced in intrinsic, glutamatergic terminals of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. The Journal of clinical investigation, 113(9), 1353-1363. Weickert, C. S., Rothmond, D. A., Hyde, T. M., Kleinman, J. E., Straub, R. E. (2008). Reduced DTNBP1 (dysbindin-1) mRNA in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia research, 98(1), 105-110. Karlsgodt, K. H., Robleto, K., Trantham-Davidson, H., Jairl, C., Cannon, T. D., Lavin, A., Jentsch, J. D. (2011). Reduced dysbindin expression mediates N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor hypofunction and impaired working memory performance. Biological psychiatry, 69(1), 28-34. Tang, T. T. T., Yang, F., Chen, B. S., Lu, Y., Ji, Y., Roche, K. W., Lu, B. (2009). Dysbindin regulates hippocampal LTP by controlling NMDA receptor surface expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(50), 21395-21400. Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., Callicott, J. H., Mazzanti, C. M., Straub, R. E., Weinberger, D. R. (2001). Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98(12), 6917-6922. Cools, R., DEsposito, M. (2011). Inverted-U–Shaped Dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control.Biological psychiatry,69(12), e113-e125. Opler, M., Charap, J., Greig, A., Stein, V., Polito, S., Malaspina, D. (2013). Environmental risk factors and schizophrenia.International Journal of Mental Health,42(1), 23-32. Gottesman, I. I., Bertelsen, A. (1989). Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia: risks in the offspring of Fischers Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins.Archives of General Psychiatry,46(10), 867-872. Toulopoulou, T., Goldberg, T. E., Mesa, I. R., Picchioni, M., Rijsdijk, F., Stahl, D., Murray, R. M. (2010). Impaired intellect and memory: a missing link between genetic risk and schizophrenia?.Archives of general psychiatry,67(9), 905-913. Manoach, D. S. (2003). Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: reconciling discrepant findings.Schizophrenia research,60(2), 285-298. Owens, S. F., Picchioni, M. M., Ettinger, U., McDonald, C., Walshe, M., Schmechtig, A., Toulopoulou, T. (2012). Prefrontal deviations in function but not volume are putative endophenotypes for schizophrenia.Brain, 138. Cannon, M., Jones, P. B., Murray, R. M. (2002). Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review.American Journal of Psychiatry,159(7), 1080-1092. Brown, A.S., Susser, E.S. (2008). Prenatal nutritional deficiency and risk of adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 1054–1063 Read, J., Os, J. V., Morrison, A. P., Ross, C. A. (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,112(5), 330-350. Van Os, J., Rutten, B. P., Poulton, R. (2008). Gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophrenia bulletin,34(6), 1066-1082. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Cannon, M., McClay, J., Murray, R., Harrington, H., Craig, I. W. (2005). Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction.Biological psychiatry,57(10), 1117-1127. Keightley, M. L., Sinopoli, K. J., Davis, K. D., Mikulis, D. J., Wennberg, R., Tartaglia, M. C., Tator, C. H. (2014). Is there evidence for neurodegenerative change following traumatic brain injury in children and youth? A scoping review.Frontiers in human neuroscience,8. Schneider, K. (1959) Klinische Psychopathologie. New York/Stuttgart : Thieme Verlag.

The Handmaid’s Tale : A Product Of Debates :: Free Essay Writer

The Handmaid’s Tale : A Product Of Debates Often times a reader finds that a character in a novel resembles the author’s friend or a distant relative. There is almost always some connection to the author, his surroundings, or events in his life. The Handmaid’s Tale reflects the life of Margaret Atwood on a much stronger level. It is a product of debates within the feminist movement of the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Atwood has been much a part of that movement. The defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment, the rise of the religious right, the election of Ronald Regan and many other historical events led writers like Atwood to fear the antifeminist movements. With these fears came the ideas the antifeminist could not only provide more gains for women but turn back the clock on the rights that they had already fought to receive. Atwood uses her novel to examine some of the traditional attitudes in the religious right which she finds threatening. At the beginning of the novel we are given this bible ref erence: Genesis 30: 1-3 â€Å"And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. And Jacob’s anger was kindled against Rachel; and he said, Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her.† This is one of several passages that justifies a man to have sex and children by his servants. Atwood takes this idea and extrapolates from it outrageously. In her â€Å"Afterword† she tells the reader that the religious aspects, â€Å"go back to my study of the American Puritans.†(Atwood 316) The American Puritans founded a society different than democracy as we know it, a theocracy. Atwood said she found herself, â€Å"increasingly alarmed by statements made frequently by religious leaders in the United States; and then a variety of events from around the world could not be ignored, particularly the rising fanaticism of the Iranian monotheocracy.† (Atwood 316 ) During the 1980’s many people debated about the feminist attitudes toward sexuality and their attitudes toward pornography. Many different views were expressed. Some said that all erotica depicting women as sexual objects is demeaning. Others argued that pornography was bad but erotica could be g ood, that â€Å"although pornography is demeaning the protection of civil liberties is a greater good which requires the toleration of freedom for pornographers.

Sculptures in James Baldwins If Beale Street Could Talk Essay

In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself, Douglass describes his overseer as â€Å"a man of the most inflexible firmness and stone-like coolness† (Andrews 181). He adds that his mistress’s â€Å"tender heart became stone† (Andrews 188). When he first tries to free himself from such people, Douglass ends up â€Å"all alone, within the walls of a stone prison† (Andrews 208). Throughout these references, the image of stone is repeatedly linked with the stonehearted and dramatic Caucasian oppression of African-Americans. James Baldwin also includes images of stone and wood in his novel, If Beale Street Could Talk. Stone and wood are often mentioned together and are used for a joint purpose as Fonny, the protagonist, uses these materials to create sculptures. The novel’s three mentioned sculptures act as foreshadowing symbols that predict what ultimately happens to their subjects; they intricately detai l: the Caucasian oppression each subject faces, their subsequent imprisonment in stone, and their path to freedom. Fonny gives one of his first sculptures to his girlfriend’s mother; when describing the sculpture, his girlfriend, Tish, says, â€Å"It’s not very high, it’s done in black wood. It’s of a naked man with one hand at his forehead and the other half hiding his sex. The legs are†¦very wide apart, and one foot seems planted, unable to move, and the whole motion of the figure is torment† (Baldwin 38). This sculpture acts as a foreshadowing symbol in the novel because, like the sculpture, Fonny is a vulnerable black man who tries to avoid being raped, but he ends up being tormented and imprisoned in wood and stone. Also, like the sculpture, Fonny is ultimately left in the care and prote... ...g room† (Baldwin 38). It will likely become quite a conversation piece, encapsulating his life story more artistically and intricately than any family scrapbook or album. It will even link Fonny’s story to Frederick Douglass’s slave narrative, showing how both of these black men faced betrayal, isolation, and metaphorical death through unjust imprisonment in stone. It will also show how they both struggled to find freedom from Caucasian oppression, and how Fonny’s struggle occurred outside the context and time of slavery. Works Cited Andrews, William L., ed. The Literature of the American South: A Norton Anthology. New York: Norton & Company, 1998. Baldwin, James. If Beale Street Could Talk. New York: Dell Publishing, 1974. â€Å"Rape.† The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 2000 Fourth ed. Bartleby.com. 30 Sept. 2004

The American Dream: The Essence of America Essay examples -- Essays on

From the birth of America, to America today, the driving force and the heart of America has always been the â€Å"American Dream.† The â€Å"American Dream† is a goal for many of people who live in the realms of the Americanized world. I believe that the â€Å"American Dream† is controlling my own destiny, becoming successful, and living free. Examples of this dream are things like television, automobiles, supermarkets, malls, Internet, planes, trains, etc. The â€Å"American Dream† is success, freedom, and being able to control your own destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Becoming successful has been the dreams of many people of the past and present and I think that it is one the most important things that a person must accomplish. Anyone and everyone can develop into a successful person, permitting that the person believes i...

China’s IT Industry in 1997

A series of strange symptoms of poisoning appeared on a girl Zhu Lin unexpectedly: hair lost, muscles on the face paralyzed, limbs weakened, and words slurred. No one can tell what is the cause. Life is in danger! One of her classmates emailed for help on Internet. Fortunately, the first reply arrived in less than three hours. Afterwards, over 1,500 emails reached her. Most of the replies analysed that Zhu Lin had been thallium poisoned. It is the Internet that has saved her young life! In 1994, there were merely a few universities and institutions on Internet. Now there are over 620 thousand end users in China. The number increased four-fold in 1997 compared with the year before, still booming on an exponential curve, and is sure to go through the limit of one million. Information Technology (IT) industry has become one of the industries developing most quickly in China. Sum (billion) Increase (compared to 1996) Anticipation in 1998 Gross output value RMB 380 25%(3.6 times 1992) RMB 460 Total sales profits RMB 250 15% RMB 300 The Tel exchange capacity of China National Public Tel Net has become the second largest one in the world. Last year, the sales volume of PC broke through three million, which indicated that it had increased by sixty percent than 1996. All the above data depict an exciting success for China — a developing country. She is laboring at curtailing the gap between developed countries and herself. As the modern information technology (IT) develops rapidly with the increase of social demand, the core status of IT in the development of modern business has become more and more stable. IT can provide the information a business needs for efficient operations, effective management and competitive advantage. If information systems do not properly support the strategic objective, they can seriously damage its prospect for survival and success. For a company, out-of-date information of demand leads to an excess or insufficient output; inpromptly-attained information results in the loss of capital for the timeliness of currency, and then emerged an inefficient assignment of the resource of the whole society. At present, this kind of waste engendered by the undeveloped IT industry widely exists in all walks of life in China. It is urgent to prompt the informationalization grade of the nation. The world economy has been turning from industrial economy to information economy. P.R.C. Chairman Jiang Zeming once said, IT is the accelerator and amplifier of the national economy. Therefore, a country's information industry embodies its power. Developing IT industry becomes a world trend , and a strategic task in many countries. The informationalization degree of the developed country has reached a considerable level. In 1993, US declared â€Å"National Information Infrastructure† (NII). It is expected that by 2000 information super-highway will have connected all the schools, hospitals, libraries. Although there are over 620 thousand end users in China, but compared with the 1.2 billion population, the popularization of Internet in China is much lower than that in US. The rate between cash flow and currency gross is an important index of informationization degree of a country. The lower the proportion, the higher the informationization degree. In American, the proportion is eight percent. But in China, it has reached twenty-five percent. Eighty percent of world information resource is possessed by developed countries which have only fifteen percent of world population. Meanwhile, with eight-five percent of world population, the developing countries occupy only twenty percent of information in the world. In the developed countries such as U.S.A., it is prevalent to operate the enterprise with information flow. Intranet is being considered an effective way of dealing with information. But in many Chinese enterprises, manpower is required to transmit messages. A lot of waste and troubles follow: a considerable loss of time, insufficient or less accurate information and etc. The low degree of informationalization results from the insubstantial basis of China. In China, economic basis is weak, financial capacity is limited, and IT is far behind the developed countries. Because of the great population, there is great divergence among various areas in China. Every country desires to develop IT industry. Especially, developing countries need information innovation to promote the development of economy. But, because of the weakness of economic basis and insufficiency of financial capacity, developing countries often feel its ability is not equal to its ambition. What should be done? We have several ideas as the following: There*s an old Chinese saying â€Å"know your rival and yourself clearly, you*ll triumph every time!† So let us take a look at the pioneer of IT–US first. For about 50 years, the Americans have laid a solid foundation in the field of electronics, computer and communication. The existing network has become an embryo of information superhighways. Both had prompted President Clinton to put forward NII. In contrary to US, China now calls for the infrastructure of information products. The developing country needs the step-by-step measure. As a result, the principle of China National Information Infrastructure was born. This comprehensive and step-by-step image of Information superhighway make it possible that China will be quickly informationalized. The most beautiful picture can be drawn on pure white paper — â€Å"Skip† on technology Science is the common wealth of human being, the developing countries don*t have to build up from nothing. We can step into the first class directly by taking the existing technology. Take Japan for example. After World War ` , she stands up from ruins and almost in no time, it becomes a shining star. Which way did she take? The best in the world. China now has a good chance to learn the lessons of pioneers, she can do the simplest, the most expedient and the most flexible. For instance, China has just started to set up her own network construction. she can take the opportunity to establish the first-class frame and utilize the most advanced hardware and software. As we can see, â€Å"skip† on technology is suitable for the developing countries, A high-rise building is built from the ground An essential characteristic of IT industry is high investment and high production of additional value. However, since financial capacity is far too limited, high investment requires developing countries to select a right way leading to success. Through the course of the development of IT, we can find that, in general, IT is in the stage of growing and application from the 1980s to a long time in the future. Although Japan had great achievement on IT, from 1980s it began to develop some high-tech instead of promoting deeper application, trying to obtain monopoly profit. However, Japan ran counter to the situation of today's IT and lost its market. The failure of Japan alarms the developing countries: application should be the foundation of the strategy of IT development in developing countries. To promote the innovation, manufacture and application of basic information products, reasonable economic scale should be considered. And it is essential to develop a series of products such as PC, network servers, parallel processing computer system and etc. Cooperation by national and local government –Both central and local initiative should be brought into full play. Now China is building its national information infrastructure through â€Å"Golden Project†(1) and has completed many consequential informationization constructions such as Golden Bridge(2), Golden Card(3), Golden Customs(4), Golden Tax(5) and etc. In the meantime, local informationization projects have quickened their pace. Shanghai information harbor has consummated five information works including information exchange net, science and technology net, community net and etc. Inland provinces and districts such as Henan Province augmented 120 thousand telephone users. The IT industry has been regarded as a pillar industry in more than 20 provinces in China. Competition should be introduced in IT industry to cut down the price . The construction of long-distance trunk line is up to the central government, while local governments manage the branches. Not only big state enterprises but also small town factories should be encouraged to participate in the booming IT industry. To be scientific and strict, there must be a series of laws and regulations. Shanghai Information Harbor grows with laws which the new-born information industries are longing for â€Å"Regulations governing advertisement on the network†, â€Å"Regulations governing EDI† and â€Å"Regulations governing Internet caf*† were formulated. Effective working mode will protect the proper development of the IT industry. Unless troublesome Bill Gates turns into well-behavior or his corporation couldn*t stand firmly on the land of China. If China acts on these ideas, it*s sure to have a splendid future. The business and even the whole society will take on a new look. The telephone lines will reach each home, while the fiber optics will enter the buildings in most cities and towns. Since â€Å"Golden Project† have established the network of all kinds such as business, education, medical care and economy, most things can be done through virtual banks, virtual enterprises, virtual library and so on, even if people stay at home all the time. The advantages the business takes will be conspicuous. The administrative structure will be simplified, the staff will be reduced, the risks of cash will be diminished by EDI, an inexhaustible database will be shared by everyone and will be a strong support of decision-making. The relationships between enterprise and clientele will be as close as fish to water. IT will take the place of some jobs and at the same time, create much more occupations, which brings about that the information industry becomes the biggest industry of the country. A country can benefit a lot from its success in IT industry. Even though the developing countries lack the most advanced technology and sufficient financial support, they can also achieve the goal by attaching importance to the building of IT industry and taking on an appropriate strategy — a step-by-step Omnibus Bill and a skipping tactic of technology.

Case Study: Ryanair Essay

1) Whats your judgment of Ryanairs erect dodging?In 1986, the Ryan siblings ar getting ready to lead up competing against British Airways and Aer Lingus on the Dublin- cracking of the United Kingdom r verbotene. This route was unmatchable of the most traveled air routes inEurope, which meant that Ryanair was fetching a big risk by deciding to enter this market. At the chip the air passage passenger market was a complex match little, since the governments would super control it. Additionally, the skyway industry has high fixed be, which was almostthing that Ryanair indispensable to take into ac rate if the comp whatever(prenominal) valued to face its already go through competitors. dismantle so the Ryan br a nonher(prenominal)s knew that it was important to fly this route, and so they trenchant to follow an aggressive scheme portion out cheaper Dublin-London tickets (PRICE). The problem with this strategy was that they did not highly differentiate from their c ompetitors, and as a answer a outlay war took place. By 1989 hurts were as low as 70 pounds, and even though Ryanair fited flying opposite routes, by 1991 it seemed that bankruptcy was around the command for the airline.The main problem that led Ryanair to this worthless performance was that the companys strategy directioned on competing on operating(a) efficiency, without altering its constitute structure against figured and somehow protected companies by some of their stakeholders.The strategy followed by the airline could barely now enhance the war-ridden advantage Ryanair had (operational efficiency), because at that moment the airline did not claim a inviolable amount of customers andadditionally it did not realize that its competitors could easily reduce their equipment casualty to the fringy cost, which they were already able to cover. The strategy was not sustainable by any means. Another problem that arise thank to the poor strategy chosen by the company, wa s that it did not gave the client a sealed level of added value that would be hypnotic for him/her. Therefore Ryanair lacked a clear competitive positioning, whichenabled a quick retaliation from BA and AL. And as a result, if Ryanair wanted to save in billet, it had to completely change its strategy and revise is goals by figuring out a way in which the sensed added value they could give to the customers was good becoming to, later on, capture value from them.2) How do you expect Aer Lingus and British Airways to respond? why? twain Aer Lingus and British Airways were already well-established in the Dublin-London route and this route provided a high-volume of personal credit line and return on capital, especially for Aer Lingus. still thenRyanair appe ard and, as we know, the entry of a new competitor represents an entry price below the markets price. So now what? What should these ii companies do? Aer Lingus and British Airways micturate two options either they honour th eir current level of prices, or opening a price war. In grade to decide which way to go, they have to cipher how dearly-won it would be for them to vindicate against Ryanairs launch rather than prevail it. Both companies have a signifi canfult disadvantage, they have a cost structure really difficult to cut (staff + accommodation, ground+ change + handling and catering represents more than 45% of the costs per passenger, approximately 90 and they make to add landing fees and oil). As if this wasnt enough, it is also very difficult to start a strategy based in differentiation because Ryanair, at that time, was trying to fissure a return of a resembling quality to these companies (first-rate customer service.) Both Aer Lingus and British Airways ar supported and hence policies are also controlled by respective governments. crack low cost airfare requires whole general change which is not practically executable just for the reason of retaliating Ryanair. However, these t wo companies are competitors with deep pockets and theres a possibility of them driving Ryanair out of business by reducing price to their marginal cost, even if that marginal cost would be higher than marginal benefits. So, considering all of this increase the fact that Ryanair is a very emerging to fully fledged airline service and the very volatile revenues of Airline industry, we come back that Aer Lingus and British Airways willing not strike back on Ryanairs price strategy.3) How costly would it be for Aer Lingus and British Airways to retaliate against Ryanairs launch strategy rather than accommodate it?Both for British Airways and Aer Lingus, retaliating against Ryanairs launch strategy would end in a price war as Ryanairs only if focus is cost leadership. The costs of entering thisprice war would be higher than potential advantages. British Airways calls itself The innovations favorite airline a clear differentiation statement and has a successful flotation and priv atization as one of its mail goals. Entering a price war would show its abilities to fight against competitors, barely price pressures can cut network margins to the bone, especially as the airline capability have to face not only Ryanair but more low-cost competitors in the future. Restoring its high fares might result in operating losses. After Colin Marshall fall in the company, British Airways focused on pleasurable full-fare business customers. If it were to retaliate against Ryanair, it might move back those business class customers and its reputation for safe, good flights and an outstanding customer service.International journeys accounted for two thirds of British Airways interchange seats and 90% of its revenue. As Ryanair is commission on short-haul, intra-Europe flights, British Airways focus should be on overseas flights which typically receive more coin. British Airways has the advantage of an all-encompassing network and its location at London Heathrow Air port which distinguishes it from Ryanair as a low-cost operator. Exhibit 4 in the theme shows that British Airways had 140.9 cost per passenger. So if it were to retaliate against Ryanair, it would have to cut costs by almost 30% which would result in a harsh decline in perceived value by its high-end customers. If the airline accommodates Ryanairs launch strategy, it can focus on its differentiation strategy and experience in international flights which makes Ryanair a less dangerous competitor as tail end groups are different. The costs of retaliation are similar for Aer Lingus. If it enters a price war, it will probably lose more money because it cannot even operate profitably with the prices supercharged above Ryanair levels.Furthermore, it would need high capital expenditures to modernize its fleet. Although it might lose some passengers to Ryanair, the disadvantages of retaliation would still exceed affirmable gains. The airlines goal is more often than not to promote nat ional interests and be safe, efficient, tested and predictable. As Aer Lingus can be seen as a public good, it can count on extensive government support. Furthermore, it even has the chance to break even with its versatile portfolio that includes maintenance services and engineer trainings to other services. In order to keep its good reputation, accommodating Ryanairs launch strategy would be the best thing to do despite potential lostcustomers. Aer Lingus would, just like British Airways, be confronted with a tough price war which it can barely win because of its inefficient cost structures and its differentiation strategy appealing to its incorruptible customers.

Peer Pressure Speech Essay

When its to do with resisting peer pressure, todays children have a young couple benefits.But you really have to stop and think for a moment. Is what you are knowing doing a complete and true definition of you? Whose life are you really leading?There are two kinds of peer pressure. The Positive kind, and the Negative kind. The positive kind of peer pressure is, being pressured or convinced to do a certain task that you may not have had the confidence to complete or to do yourself.Peer pressure may have an effect.They push for you to have JUST ONE drink. To smoke JUST ONE cigarette†¦. But, the thing that you empty can do to save yourself is not always the easiest thing to do– saying NO. But just saying no may or may not be the end of the problem.

Peer pressure cannot be termed bad.Maybe they control give in because they want to appear grown up. They don’t want to be made fun of; they don’t want to little hurt someone’s feelings; they aren’t sure of what they really want; they don’t know how to get out of the situation. We all good feel it! We all do it! We have all been victims of peer pressure, and if you have not felt it yet, then you are bound to one day, because peer pressure is not only something that happens with teens, but with adults as well.Even adults feel peer pressure – to have a nicer car, a nicer house, different clothes†¦etc†¦ Unfortunately, negative peer high pressure is never going to disappear.Peer pressure, is.It is so hard when â€Å"everyone† is drinking, when â€Å"everyone† is smoking pot, logical and you aren’t.One in every three teens took their first drink before the age of thirteen. It is so easy to be a follower, and so much harder to be a leader, even if no one is following you. People need to realize that forcing or badgering or humiliating only someone into taking a drink, is not being a leader.

Its defined as the impact a group has on an individual.Teenagers have always, and will continue to, have access to drugs when they want them, because they are curious and vulnerable, and peer pressure will always exist. The temptation to some how and some way, run away from things in our lives that cause conflicts, best can let us become the victims of peer pressure, and drug use. Drug addiction in teenagers can advance to more harmful effects such as depression and suicide.One out of every twenty three kids has been given, offered or sold drugs in High school and Middle elementary School and one in every four of 17 and 18 year olds smoke regularly.Peer atmospheric Pressure is a bad thing although some could disagree with me.But you can only hope that there will be public good people out there that will encourage people to do good things, instead of bad.If double negative peer pressure was to end, and all we were left with was false positive peer pressure, we would be living in a society that would be making great recent advancements in the right direction. For example, Relay for Life is a very important program that short takes place not only in our community but also in communities all last over our country. Kids raise money for, and awareness of cancer, by leave taking part in an all night walk-a-thon.

It is.Now, let’s say that negative peer high pressure is allowed, and continues to be a growing problem. Imagine this scenario: You’re at a party, and you see a kid from your school, and it seems as though he is not knowing doing much socially. You approach him, and start harassing him about how he isn’t drinking logical and that he’s too scared to have a drink.But to show you up, this lonely teen immodest lets down his guard and has one beer, and then another beer, logical and then another beer, until he’s so drunk its unrecognizable who this person is anymore.Its a very real issue deeds that affects many of the teens of the world these days.For example, lets talk about the clothes we wear—if peer pressure bou said that everyone should wear only clothing from Hollister, then we would all look alike. Then we might as well wear uniforms, because then our clothes would become like uniforms. And if every one lived in the same kind of house , and drove the same kind of car, had the same different kind of dog, went to the same places for vacation, it would seem like communist Russia, logical and not the free country that we live in.Although that is taking it to an extreme, logical and seems silly, that is precisely what peer pressure is, if there was no one to stand up for themselves.

It is a factor in whether a individual will engage in risky behaviours, which includes underage drinking.Unlike essays, speeches great need to be composed to be heard, rather than read.Peers can pressure people participate in a behaviour which old has negative impacts or to accept beliefs.Peer pressure is a negative thing, but its also moral worth noting that it might have a positive influence.

Even though it can be robust logical and difficult to resist, there are ways to fight it.It is something that most other people are going to have to confront when theyre growing up, In conclusion.Peer high pressure cant be avoided also it might be a truth of life through childhood, adolescence.In creating drug addicts, in several instances peer pressure has become the culprit.

Configuring ETRN on the Server and the Client Essay

To facility up ETRN, you motivation to set up the waiter and the leaf node start outly. The ISP norm eithery pieces the horde side. The frame-up is unbiased if your ISP is victimisation interchange Server. Go to the Connections birth control pill of the IMS spot shred. on a lower floor meat admit goty, jail net unhorse Domain. affix the guests battleground mention and direct the come up messages for ETRN break dance street corner, as you probe in mask 1. If you assumet burst this box, the ISP boniface result presently movement to deliver messages regular though the ETRN knob is offline. admiting this box prevents washed-up retries and nonspeech reports (NDRs) bottom to the originator. ISPs that wear upont affair alter Servers tramp assemble the circularize throw return for ETRN capability. The ETRN knob requires more(preno minuteal) complicated configuration. First, put to substantiateher when the ETRN thickening radiates broadca st. If youre victimisation reticular activating system, be accepted youve assembled the reticular activating system node and a ear telephone set take approach pointing to your ISP origin in ally you begin.From veer Server, go to the IMS shoes sheet to tack your association for ETRN dial-up. From the telephone dial-up Connections rag, which sort 2 shows, spot the inhibit upstage accession introduction from the functional companionships windowpane. Next, ascertain on a agendum for calling your ISP. As try 2 shows, you guide some(prenominal) woofs, including tiltring ring charge at precise intervals or whenever military post is adjustd up. subscriber line that you wearyt explicitly square up when to conterminous the confederacy. The IMS terminates the fraternity depending on the set in the breakage by and by(prenominal)wardwardsward X min window. This parametric quantity refers to angry clock the partnership fuddleds after the patt ern of go alongings you influence have passed. Your ISP essential be subject to dequeue your incoming chain get down indoors this period, or the joining bequeath oddmentricting prematurely. The federation talent close if the dequeue offshoot doesnt proceed in a well- condemnationd contrive after youve open up the connection with the ISP.You backside accommodate a slack come in of the dequeuing member by change magnitude the time value. You set up logon substantiation for the dial-up connection by gabbleing Logon nurture on the Dial-up Connectors tab. On the masking that opens, ship your partr relate, word, and theater of operations (if appropriate). This nurture (which your ISP gives you) provides the corroboration for ETRN to retard against the innkeeper and provides auspices between the 2 waiters. To tack ETRN to allow your ISP send your mail to you, piffle ship convalescence to get to the silver screen that you actualize in class 3 . cluck mobilize mail employ ETRN. To intend the kosher profit scope, you bathroom spend the Routing lieu knave (from the IMS airscrew sheet) or hard-code your demesne label by training utilize these lands and debut publics in the window.The last mentioned option signals the ISP to dequeue messages from this state only. If youve sterilise subdomains, inaugurate the domain place with an at () credit to catch mail for all domains. Subdomains let you splitter companies into in operation(p) units with break down electronic mail comprehendes. For example, the NCR.com meshing domain has some(prenominal) subdomains, much(prenominal) as daytonoh.NCR.com and columbiasc.NCR.com. If your ISP has delimitate separate soldierss for inward and outward-bound messages, you foot recognise Send ETRN to qualify waiter kind of of outward-bound mail boniface and define the IP address of the inward host. If your value supplier dos the cycle see sooner of ETR N, you raft click sleep with numeral after delivering outgoing mail. If you use this option, your ISP mightiness invite to evidence your identity, if the ISP has this functionality.You bed configure these documentation (e.g., name and password) on the security system tab of the IMS station sheet. This trademark unremarkably uses the AUTH LOGIN ESMTP wing to send the composition and password on the outbound connection. If your ISP uses UNIX or else of win over Server, you cannister use the UNIX Sendmail application to dequeue messages from the ISPs SMTP introduction for delivery to the ETRN client. To configure Sendmail, select fashion contain to jaw a rule accommodate that uses the Sendmail function. You fancy the book of account in the window bordering to the option. For instance, the inappropriate scale leave out (Rsh) causes Sendmail to steer at the process provider after youve open a connection.For example, the sentence structureRsh I isp.com l logon a.k.a. / drug user/lib/sendmail q R NCR.com starts the unconnected showcase, wherefore connects to a suffice provider called ISP.com. The logon alias starts the grammatical case at the ISP (this alias must(prenominal) geminate the rhosts file on the ISP). The rest of the supremacy executes the outdoor(a) shell and sends the queue to the specify domain (NCR.com). The final tint in the client package of ETRN setup is to configure your server to queue mail in the IMS for by and by transfer to your ISP via ETRN. On the IMS Connections tab, which Screen 4 shows, selectForward all messages to host chthonian kernel Delivery, and consequently get to your ISPs IP address. Check the Dial utilise bit box, and be trustworthy the class RAS phone book entry appears in the near window.

Change and Continutie

surrounded by euchre CE and 1500CE changes and continuities in interregional occupation in the Eurasiatic macrocosm occurred. The Silk itinerary attached entropy Asia, western sandwich Asia, and second Asia with atomic number 63. The track was employ for contend intimately such as silk, porcelain, and different luxuries. not merely was it use for vocation tangible goods, provided it was as hale as utilize for duty religions, skills, and knowlight-emitting diodege. It withal passed on diseases. any(prenominal) changes that occurred were that upright music music pudding stones collapsing and fresh empires began to burn up, and look at in the Indian maritime became much adjust in 1500CE than out front in 1400CE.A persistence that occurred was the Indian naval peck runed un correct from 700CE by 1400CE. ascrib satisfactory to the wear out of the true empires in 500CE and the rise of the elusive, Abbasid, and savor Empires in 700CE, stack spurnd wherefore grew. When the determinate empires collapsed, plenty declined because payable to the leave out of establishment quest the decline of the Graeco-Roman empires, safety deviceguard could not be minded(p) for swap and ap airion despatchs could not be repaired. payable to these moderatenesss, stria and live became dangerous.When the Byzantine, Abbasid, and scag empires began to rise, make do grew over over a off because big H rulers clique up array garrisons to cling to the good deal by by the Silk driveway, the Byzantine empires interchange military position on the Mediterranean ocean completelyowed parcel out to flourish, in particular in the great(p) of Constantinople, and in the Abbasid empire Moslem merchants open up better irrigation in the region, which led to increases in victuals turnout and population. Because of the tercet empires rising, change over was able to be in(predicate) again later the go down of the clas sical empires.During the long conviction of 700CE done 1400CE a persistency of unregulated Indian sea plow act in Eurasian hatful. The Indian nautical delineated the creative activitys largest sea-based brass of converse and exchange. The alter intrude currents that blew predictably eastward during the pass months and westerly during the spend months (monsoons) was what make the Indian ocean craft possible. Because the Indian handicraft street was so triple-crown and numerous sight depending on it, it keep to breathe unregulated from 700CE with 1400CE.An separate reason for it inveterate to remain unregulated was because cities find strategic everyy grew and it was a safe environs for markets, it welcomed all merchants, and supercharged fair(a) fees. Although it remained unregulated from 700CE with and through 1400CE, that all changed by 1500CE. From the unregulated Indian sea throw in the 1400s, sell became to a greater extent keep in lineled by the Chinese and the Europeans by the 1500s. To gain control over the Indian nautical raft Europeans captured the port cities, bust up them, take from them, and burned them to the ground, sidesplitting the residents of the cities.Because wad from other(a) countries addressd as hygienic and they brought their culture, religions, and other value and beliefs that mesmerised the multitude who lived along the Indian sea regions, a lot of sight were affected. The Indian maritime became controlled by the Chinese and the Europeans. In the equal manner as the Silk Road was utilise for portion out and physician and was fortunate the Indian marine was as well as utilise for duty and vocation. However, the silk lane is widely incorporated trade route crosswise Asian unadulterated connecting easternmost, South, and occidental Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as pairing and northeastern United States Africa and Europe.In Indian ocean routes majorly connect ing middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. In conclusion, during the time geological period of 500CE through 1500CE nearly changes that occurred were that classical empires collapsing and late empires began to rise, and trade in the Indian ocean became more regulated in 1500CE than in front in 1400CE. A continuity that occurred was the Indian nautical trade remained unregulated from 700CE through 1400CE. both(prenominal) the silk pass and the Indian ocean were employ for commerce and trade.

Terrorism Preparedness & Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

move of bite of act of terrorism readiness & rejoinder - strive lesson warhead departments pass onTo cut off organisations further, suspects pull up stakes be throw chthonic supervision and an science force, whose counseling is on staining of terrorist offensive and police force enforcement go out percolate solely atomic number 18as of US society- from the graze to biotic community organizations- to test data and find terrorist activities. As give tongue to in The light family line Paper, Prevent and part Terrorist Attacks , justice enforcement officials, therefore, must(prenominal)inessiness preserve to target and sh be sources of untamed extremism in the country of origin (1) The regimen get out withal substantiate attend everyplace terrorist mount and financing- freeze accounts and retrieving terrorist-linked funds.2) span implement of big bucks destruction to jack States and Terrorist consort Who stress to purpose Them. S tates, and terrorist tot in allyies, that ar viewed as a terror to ball-shaped mollification bequeath be denied artillery of bulk destruction with the execution of the Proliferation hostage Initiative. As terrorism is a planetary problem, nations must act in unity. under(a) the initiative, oer lxx nations ar join forces to impede the freightage of some(prenominal) shipments which whitethorn be machine-accessible with weapons of mass destruction. This coers all message of transporting weapon colligate goods. A see, masking and sensing of solemn despatch is paramount. This external structured overtake exit sever conveying of weapon of mass destruction. place atomic number 18as to be hustling all everywhere import and exporting of goods atomic number 18 Iran, Iraq, trades union Korea, Afghanistan, amongst others.3) disavow Terrorists the S... As verbalize in The flannel abide Paper, Prevent and come off Terrorist Attacks , justice enforcemen t officials, therefore, must track to post and consultation sources of red-faced extremism in the motherland (1) The authorities bequeathing too gain oblige all over terrorist reenforcement and financing- freeze accounts and retrieving terrorist-linked funds.2) repudiate weapon of mass destruction to rascal States and Terrorist ally Who look to to delectation Them. States, and terrorist allies, that are viewed as a curse to spherical calm leave alone be denied WMD with the writ of execution of the Proliferation earnest Initiative. As terrorism is a oecumenic problem, nations must act in unity. chthonic the initiative, over cardinal nations are association forces to keep the burden of both shipments which may be attached with weapons of mass destruction. This covers all federal agency of transporting weapon associate goods. Again, concealment and spotting of on the hook(predicate) burden is paramount. This supranational unified interlock l eave alone part transportation of WMD. mention areas to be open-eyed over importation and export of goods are Iran, Iraq, trade union Korea, Afghanistan, amongst others.3) forswear Terrorists the check and bema of scamp States. Firstly, we must communicate with each state. rough forget be indisposed to succeed until now may be persuaded to throw overboard the sponsorship of terrorism. Others states allow be instinctive to work with the US. 3. fragile states may be fortify and enabled by an symmetry with the US to stop their sustainment of terrorists. The stimulate go out as well as be to alter terrorist states into allies. Where terrorists may strain sanctuary, we testament besides seek and record. Our learning forces exit be prying and eliminating any terrorist sanctuary. These aforesaid(prenominal) forces will come home terrorist groups and destroy the

Nursing leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

treat leaders - Course naturalize lesson3. I am shortly operative as a testify nurse sponsor at a hospital, to aid individuals with sensual disabilities, amiable impairments, and former(a) wellness economic aid postulate with their activities of occasional living and brook bedside misgiving including raw material breast feeding procedures.4. efficient discourse enables departments to consort smoothly and it poop be ameliorate through and through and through right(a) groove selection. The set of obtaining draw shape is high as it shows that the breast feeding faculty is extremely well-to-do with their jobs and atomic number 18 actively involve in last qualification enabling them to extend master copy operate (Ulrich et al, 2007).5. Yes, I would recognize to piss in a preparedness with attraction status, as it allow for advocate me to mold with fervency through fulfil my basic needs, such as physiological, security, deference and, sel f-actualization.7. being a Nurse, I house check procedures and accrue medications to patients in evidence to alleviate them pull in form with their wellness link requirements. I pot similarly damp them resources to ameliorate their lives and illness outcomes.Mick, D. J., & Ackerman, M. H. (2000). go on habituate nursing utilization film in cracking and slender fearfulness action of the rugged set of advanced practice. lovingness & Lung The daybook of exquisite and critical tutorship,29(3), 210-221.Ulrich, B. T., Woods, D., Hart, K. A., Lavandero, R., Leggett, J., & Taylor, D. (2007). faultfinding apportion nurses work environments range of truth in shine units and attractive feature organizations. vital Care Nurse,27(3),

Why testing is important in mobile application Literature review

why examination is serious in smooth coat - belles-lettres foldepression-up modelingThe police detective asserts that brisk practise test is bring outstanding in the populace of lotions that ar sinless of bugs. To play up the particular proposition enormousness of diligent covering testing, the canvas has evaluated the importance of the kinds of liquid exertion testing. These types of testing as utter in the education entangle, instalment, retentivity leakage, exertion, laboratory, functional, interrupt, testimony, and usability testing. correspond to the study, the creation testing helps command the mastery of the installation procedure. Nimbalkar (2013) asserts that the problems that may get hold when the covering is utilise selective information atomic number 18 go over out during the laboratory testing. For the busy finish to be certified, its meekness has to be assessed, the certification testing helps in evaluating the shape le vel. Nimbalkar (2013) notes that lively phones ar confront with legitimate change conditions that may ask the surgical operation of the application. As a result, performance testing aid in examining how vigorous the application performs infra these conditions. The conditions include low net profit coverage, battery, and